Alcohol moderate consumption

The patient is taking glyburide for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and has been treated in the past for peptic ulcer disease with ranitidine and omeprazole. He has a history of allergy to various types of pollen but reports no allergies to drugs. He reports moderate consumption of alcohol and smoking 2 packs of cigarettes per day. 

Alcohol consumption Moderate consumption of alcohol (for example, two drinks a day) decreases the risk of coronary heart disease, because there is a positive correlation between moderate alcohol consumption and the plasma concentration of HDLs. However, because of the potential dangers of alcohol abuse, health professionals are reluctant to recommend increased alcohol consumption to their patients. Red wine may provide cardioprotective benefits in addition to those resulting from its alcohol content, for example, red wine contains phenolic compounds that inhibit lipoprotein oxidation (see p. 233). [Note These antioxidants are also present in raisins and grape juice.]... 

In summary, research on the interesting question of whether and why moderate alcohol use is associated with cardiovascular health is needed and will likely continue. It is important to note here that our discussion of health has been limited to cardiovascular function and docs not include other indicators, such as liver fimetion, cancers, or cognitive functioning. In addition, this question needs much more information on what is moderate consumption for different subgroups, such as the elderly or individuals with coexisting illness (Moore et al., 2006 Saitz, 2005). 

Prenatal exposure to alcohol is also a predictor of alcohol abuse later in life.33 Moderate consumption of alcohol by a mother during pregnancy is associated with increased responses of infants to the odor of alcohol even if the infants show no signs of FASD. 

Coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis are major contributors to morbidity and mortality in the United States and other developed countries. Epidemiological studies suggest that decreased mortality from coronary heart disease is associated with moderate consumption of alcohol, and especially of red wine [7], Numerous studies indicate that resveratrol inhibits platelet aggregation [8-10, 12, 16, 54, 55], alters eicosanoid synthesis [15, 55], modulates lipoprotein mechanisms [14, 56-58], inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation [59], and acts as an estrogen receptor agonist [60]. On the other hand, at least one earlier study indicated that it promoted atherosclerotic development, rather than protected against it, by a mechanism that appeared to be independent of observed... 

The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study involving 8334 subjects who were free from hypertension at baseline and were assessed after 6 years, found that higher levels of consumption of alcoholic beverages (210 g or more of alcohol per week approximately 3 drinks or more per day) were associated with a higher risk of hypertension. Low to moderate consumption of alcohol (up to 3 drinks/day) was associated with an increase in blood pressure in black, but not in white men. A study in Japanese men found that the effect of alcohol intake on the risk of developing hypertension was dose-dependent, starting at low-to-moderate levels of alcohol (less than 23 g/day). ... 

Although moderate consumption of ethanol has health benefits, excessive intake causes disease. Ethanol is rapidly metabohsed by alcohol dehydrogenase in the cytosol to form acetaldehyde. This requires the coenzyme NAD which is reduced to NADH and results in a high ratio of NADH NAD in the cytosol. Subsequently, acetaldehyde is transported into the mitochondrion where it is oxidised by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase to acetate, which results in a high mitochondrial ratio of NADH NAD. This elevation of NADH NAD ratios causes the following metabohc consequences of ethanol abuse. 

Winemaker s exposure to alcohol may create another serious problem - alcoholism. However, it has been established that low to moderate consumption of wine, defined as three to five glasses per day, is associated with lower mortality from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease (Gronback et al. 

Kava pyrones are potent, centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants. They act as hypnotics, antipyretics, sedatives, local anaesthetics, smooth muscle relaxants and antifungal agents. No interaction with benzodiazepine drugs or with moderate consumption of alcohol occurs, nor does kava impair mental alermess. However, continually chewing the root can destroy tooth enamel and eventually becomes habit forming (Bone 1994). 

Mineral acids are used as catalysts, usually in a concentration of 20— 40 wt % and temperatures of 30—60°C. An efficient surfactant, preferably one that is soluble in the acid-phase upon completion of the reaction, is needed to emulsify the a-pinene and acid. The surfactant can then be recycled with the acid. Phosphoric acid is the acid commonly used in the pine oil process. Its mild corrosion characteristics and its moderate strength make it more manageable, especially because the acid concentration is constandy changing in the process by the consumption of water. Phosphoric acid is also mild enough to prevent any significant dehydration of the alcohols formed in the process. Optimization of a process usually involves considerations of acid type and concentration, temperature, surfactant type and amount, and reaction time. The optimum process usually gives a maximum of alcohols with the minimum amount of hydrocarbons and cineoles. 

False. Whilst excessive consumption of alcohol does lead some people to behave in an unthinking, careless, noisy or aggressive way, drinking in sensible, moderate amounts will not do this. 

Moderation of alcohol consumption Limit consumption to no more than 2 drinks [e.g., 24 oz (710 mL) beer, 10 oz (296 mL) wine, or 3 oz (89 mL) 80-proof whiskey] per day in most men and to no more than 1 drink per day in women and lighter weight persons 2-4 mm Hg... 

Baum-Baicker C (1985). The psychological benefits of moderate alcohol consumption A review of the literature. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 15, 305-322. 

Eckardt MJ, File SE, Gessa GL et al. Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998 22 998-1040. 

Hines LM, Stampfer MJ, Ma J et al. Genetic variation in alcohol dehydrogenase and the beneficial effect of moderate alcohol consumption on myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2001 344 549-555. 

All patients with prehypertension and hypertension should be prescribed lifestyle modifications, including (1) weight reduction if overweight, (2) adoption ofthe Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension eating plan, (3) dietary sodium restriction ideally to 1.5 g/day (3.8 g/day sodium chloride), (4) regular aerobic physical activity, (5) moderate alcohol consumption (two or fewer drinks per day), and (6) smoking cessation. 

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