Weight reduction

Fi re 5.6 Absolute and specific stiffness of selected engineering materials (UD = uni-directional, GF = glass fibre, CF = carbon fibre). 

The reduction in the weight of packaging has been made possible by the development of new materials fulfilling traditional requirements using less material. For instance, flexible packaging is now taking over applications that 

Aside from weight reduction, the following the following alternatives can be used to reduce environmental impact and resource consumption per delivered service unit  

Concentration is achieved by changing the formulation of the product to deliver higher performance per unit volume. For example, instead of delivering one litre of ready-to-drink juice, a concentrate occupying a fifth of the volume can be delivered to the customer, who just adds water to it. The transported weight is reduced, but the same function is delivered to the customer. 

Fuel reduction effects of weight reduction in transportation 

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Fig. 8. SMPS = switch mode power supply. Weight reduction of 100 W power supplies from the 1960s through the early 1990s.

Radiation Effects. The primary effect of radiation is the degradation of large molecules to small molecules. Molecular weight reduction can be... 

Lubricants. Lubricants are used to improve the melt flow, screw feeding, and mold release of nylons. Long-chain acids, esters, and amides are used together with metal salts, eg, metal stearates. Improved melt flow is mainly a function of molecular weight reduction during mol ding. Mold release is improved by waxes of limited compatibiHty with nylon, which migrate to and lubricate the mold surface. 

Developments in metal-matrix composites technology has resulted in aluminum matrix materials filled with siUcon carbide [409-21 -2] SiC, (see Carbides, silicon carbide) particles (15 to 60 vol %) that provide the possibihty of weight reduction for brakes (20). These composite materials are being tested and evaluated. 

Coal Hquefaction iavolves raising the atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratio from approximately 0.8/1.0 for a typical bituminous coal, to 2/1 for Hquid transportation fuels or 4/1 for methane (4). In this process, molecular weight reduction and removal of mineral matter and heteroatoms such as sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen may need to be effected. 

The hexagonal-close-packed (hep) metals generally exhibit mechanical properties intermediate between those of the fee and bcc metals. For example Zn encounters a ductile-to-brittle transition whereas Zr and pure Ti do not. The latter and their alloys with a hep structure remain reasonably ductile at low temperatures and have been used for many applications where weight reduction and reduced heat leakage through the material have been important. However, small impurities of O, N, H, and C can have a detrimental effect on the low temperature ductihty properties of Ti and its alloys. 

The solid fuel composition is, therefore, concerned with the pursuit of higher I p involving both flame temperature elevation and molecular weight reduction. Concomitantly, it is desirable to have high heat of combustion, which also dictates the combustion chamber temperature. The actual composition is, therefore, set on the basis of the energy quantum inherent in the various constituents. 

Tension Casing suspended at the surface. Weight reduction due to buoyancy effect is ignored. Safety factor = 1.6. 

Reinforces prescribed dietary and exercise program for weight reduction, both verbally and in writing. 

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