Aerosols filling

C Sirand, J-P Yarlet, AJ Hickey. Aerosol-filling equipment for the preparation of pressurized pack pharmaceutical formulations. In AJ Hickey, ed. Pharmaceutical Inhalation Aerosol Technology. New York Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1992, pp. 187-217. 

Fig. 3 Aerosol filling equipment useful for clinical supply manufacture in the pilot plant. (A) Manual filling equipment. (B) Automated rotary filling equipment (both D. H. Industries Limited, Barking Essex, UK).

Aerosol-Filling Equipment for the Preparation of Pressurized-Pack Pharmaceutical Formulations Christophe Sirand, Jean-Pierre Varlet, and Anthony J. Hickey... 

Aerosol-Filling Equipment for the Preparation of Pressurized-Pack Pharmaceutical Formulations... 

Products for use in all these types of equipment (except aerosols filled at low or high pressure) are prepared as concentrates. Because rate of knockdown in these circumstances is not as critical as in domestic situations, these may be diluted with oil or water as desired with little overall alteration in performance. There are many products available with a large variety of different mixtures of pyrelhroids and PBO. The general rates of application and levels required lo give good performance can be defined within limits these are indicated in Table 15.5 below. It is of the greatest importance that the spray cloud is distributed as uniformly as possible throughout the area to be treated. Indoors this is easily related to volume, but outdoors efficacy will depend upon how much the density of obstacles, the wind speed and the effective swathe width affect the ease of distribution of the spray cloud. 

It should be mentioned that the size distributions presented in Figs 26 and 27 are typical of a polluted atmosphere. Unfortunately, very little information is available about the background aerosol filling 80-90 % of the troposphere. These... 

This is usually used in the liquefied gas form as propellants for aerosols. Filling liquefied gas is usually by volume using a specialist high-pressure pump on a time or flow basis, usually filled backwards through the aerosol valve. Alternatively the aerosol container may be open in a highly refrigerated area, where the liquefied gas is dosed by a piston pump then the container is quickly closed. 

Figure 18 Aerosol distributions of saline particles produced by Fisoneb. Open circles, standing cloud aerosol-filled circles, saline aerosol following ventilation of nebulizer with Harvard pump. (From Ref. 10.)...

Figure 3 Circulaire nebulizer system. A traditional constant output jet nebulizer produces aerosol continuously by compressed air (compressor not shown). During patient inhalation, aerosol is drawn from the system by patient inspiration. During patient breath hold and exhalation (through one-way valve adjacent to mouthpiece) decompressed jet nebulized air containing aerosol fills an infiatable plastic bag for inhalation during subsequent breaths.

Aerosol dry shampoos fill an important market for those unable to tolerate wet hair, such as the sick and infirm. These products are based on oil absorbing powders which include talc, starch, and/or clay. They can be sprayed onto hair and then bmshed off after absorbing soils from the hair. 

Mousses pose Httle manufacturing problem, but because they are aerosolized they must be filled with special equipment. The pressure fill technique requites the container to be filled with mousse concentrate, then a valve is crimped on and a vacuum of approximately 2.4 kPa (18 mm Hg) is pulled. The propellants are added through the valve. Another technique, the under-the-cup method, fills the container under pressure with propellant and crimps the valve, all in one step. 

Ma.nufa.cture. Finishing sprays are easily prepared as simple solutions of the polymers, neutralizers, plasticizers, fragrance, etc, in ethanol. If water is in the formulation, it must be added last. The aerosol products are filled by the methods described for styling mousses. 

Aerosols are generally filled cold with chilled product and propellant. This reduces the vapor pressure of the propellant, allowing filling of approptiate containers by volume. The valves are then crimped to the container with the valve in place. The container is then charged with the propellant (under pressure) through the valve. The finished containers are checked for leaks. 

A third screening smoke-type is white phosphoms [7723-14-0] (WP), P (see Phosphorus and THE phosphides), which reacts spontaneously with air and water vapor to produce a dense cloud of phosphoms pentoxide [1314-56-3]. An effective screen is obtained as the P2O5 hydrolyzes to form droplets of dilute phosphoric acid aerosol. WP produces smoke in great quantity, but it has certain disadvantages. Because WP has such a high heat of combustion, the smoke it produces from bulk-filled munitions has a tendency to rise in pillarlike mass. This behavior too often nullifies the screening effect, particularly in stiU air. Also, WP is very brittle, and the exploding munitions in which it is used break it into very small particles that bum rapidly. 

Figure 6.5. Fraction of pool and aerosol mass generated after loss of containment of small vessels containing CFG 114, depending on degree of superheat and degree of filling (Schmidli etal. 1990).

Aeromonas, DNA-based biosensor, 3 807 AeroSizer, 78 150—151 Aerosol containers, 7 781-782 Aerosol dispersions, 7 774-775 Aerosol drug dosage forms, 78 717 Aerosol emulsions, 7 773, 774 Aerosol flow reactors, 77 211-212 Aerosol foams, 7 773, 774 Aerosol packaging, 7 771 Aerosol pastes, 7 775 Aerosols, 7 769-787 8 697 economic aspects, 7 786 filling, 7 785-786 formulation, 7 771-780 product concentrate, 7 772-775 propellants, 7 775-781 U.S. production, 1985-2000, 7 770t Aerosol solutions, 7 772-773 Aerosol solvent extraction system (ASES), 24 17, 18... 

See also Axial dispersion aerosols, 1 774-775 aqueous, 18 292 behavior of, 15 685-690 chemical processing aids, 8 705-711 chromatic, 11 134 classification, 8 698-699 colorants for plastics, 7 360-361 donor-acceptor interactions, 8 707-708 electrostatic repulsion, 8 732-734 in filled networks, 22 572 of filled polymers, 11 307-308 flow, 8 726-730 flushing, 8 711... 

Glanders occurs in both acute and chronic forms. The acute form is inhaled and affects the upper respiratory tract. In nature, the acute form kills infected animals in 3 to 4 weeks. The acute form infects the nasal, oral, and conjunctival mucous membranes, causing blood-streaked discharges from the nose along with nodules and ulcerations. The chronic form affects the joints and lymph as multiple skin nodules begin to ulcerate and are filled with pus. Other symptoms include fever, sweats, myalgia, headache, enlarged spleen, and chest pain. Sometimes pneumonia is present. As few as 1 to 10 bacteria delivered to animals by aerosol can be lethal.3... 

Using Numbers Fill in the remainder of the data table by calculating the mass of the gas that was released from the aerosol can, converting the atmospheric pressure from the units measured into atmospheres, and converting the air temperature into kelvins. Substitute your data from the table into the form of the ideal gas equation that solves for M. 

By 1963, we had done considerable testing of LSD by the oral route, but we knew the military was more interested in the effectiveness of the respiratory route. Our first study of aerosolized LSD made use of an ancient Devilbiss nebulizer, a glass device relied on for decades by asthma sufferers. We partially filled its glass chamber with a very dilute solution of LSD in distilled water. 

The inclusion of the a routine microbial limit test in a marketed product stability protocol depends on the pharmaceutical dosage form. Typically, the test would be used only for nonsterile products, especially oral liquids, nasal sprays, and topical liquids, lotions, and creams that have sufficient water activity to support the growth of microorganisms. In contrast, tablets, powder- and liquid-filled capsules, topical ointments, vaginal and rectal suppositories, nonaqueous liquids and inhalation aerosols with a water activity too low to allow for the product to support the growth of microorganisms would not be routinely tested. 

Data on c clohexene and a pinene aerosols were reported by Schwartz after a preliminary report from the Battelle Institute group. The experimental conditions and analytic techniques were identical with those just described for the toluene aerosol study. Here again, only the methylene chloride-soluble, water-insoluble fractions were studied. They accounted for about 7% and 65% of the total aerosol mass generated from cyclohexene and a pinene, respectively. Grosjean (unpublished data) has investigated the chemical composition of cyclopentene, cyclohexene, and 1,7-octadiene aerosols. Experiments were conducted in an 80-m Teflon smog chamber filled with ambient air, with irradiation by... 

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