Bulk fill

A third screening smoke-type is white phosphoms [7723-14-0] (WP), P (see Phosphorus and THE phosphides), which reacts spontaneously with air and water vapor to produce a dense cloud of phosphoms pentoxide [1314-56-3]. An effective screen is obtained as the P2O5 hydrolyzes to form droplets of dilute phosphoric acid aerosol. WP produces smoke in great quantity, but it has certain disadvantages. Because WP has such a high heat of combustion, the smoke it produces from bulk-filled munitions has a tendency to rise in pillarlike mass. This behavior too often nullifies the screening effect, particularly in stiU air. Also, WP is very brittle, and the exploding munitions in which it is used break it into very small particles that bum rapidly. 

Zinc-lead slags Smelting of zinc and lead Stockpiled and used locally Bulk fill and some in pavement asphalt... 

It should be noted that incremental addition of the column packing, followed by consolidation of the packed bed, generally gives better results than bulk filling. Also, lateral tapping... 

Fig. 4.20 Temperature dependence of the average relaxation times of PIB results from rheological measurements [34] dashed-dotted line), the structural relaxation as measured by NSE at Qmax (empty circle [125] and empty square), the collective time at 0.4 A empty triangle), the time corresponding to the self-motion at Q ax empty diamond),NMR dotted line [136]), and the application of the Allegra and Ganazzoli model to the single chain dynamic structure factor in the bulk (filled triangle) and in solution (filled diamond) [186]. Solid lines show Arrhenius fitting curves. Dashed line is the extrapolation of the Arrhenius-like dependence of the -relaxation as observed by dielectric spectroscopy [125]. (Reprinted with permission from [187]. Copyright 2003 Elsevier)...

Bulk fill. Lime improvement (partial lime treatment) is used to dry and/or reduce the plasticity of materials, such as silts or clays. It makes such materials more suitable for placing and compacting, whether in landBll or embankments. The Moisture Condition Value (MCV) test [26.11] and [26.13] is used to assess the suitability of a material for handling and compaction. 

Figure 96 Small Phase II room designed for trays or bulk fill.

Structural peculiarities of inhibited polymer films formed by extrusion encapsulation, i.e. stretching of films in a Cl followed by the thermal treatment, have been described elsewhere [4]. The capsules look like cylindrical voids in the polymer bulk filled by a liquid Cl and oriented along the stretching axis. 

Fig. 3.7 Filtek Bulk Fill Flowable Restorative from 3M, as an example of bulk fill composite. Used with Permission.

S. Flury, S. Hayoz, A. Peutzfeldt, J. HUsler, A. Lussi, Depth of cure of resin composites is the ISO 4049 method suitable for bulk fill materials Dent. Mater. 28 (2012) 521-528. 

Because of this setting reaction, glass-ionomers can be placed in full ( bulk fill ) within a cavity. 

They can be used alone with lime for low-cost bulk filling operations such as backfilling in old mine workings or to extend and improve the properties of Portland cement. Their use reduces permeability and heat of hydration, leading to improved durability. The downside is that strength development is slower. Analysis is important to discover the likely reactivity of the pozzolan and to determine whether it contains anything likely to be deleterious to its intended use. 

It must be stressed that these specific properties of carbonate sands do not imply that they are not suitable as a fill material (crushing, cementitious bonding). Ample experience, in particular in the Middle East, indicates that carbonate sands perform satisfactorily as a bulk fill provided that during design and construction their typical properties are taken into account. 

As stated before, despite some of their properties being outside the range of more common soils, carbonate sands can satisfactorily be used as a bulk fill provided that the design takes these deviating parameters into account. Ample experience, in particular in the Middle East, confirms that land reclamation with carbonate sand may result in a fill mass with appropriate mechanical properties. 

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