Aerosol dispersion

Sulfolane causes minimal and transient eye and skin irritation (19,20). Inhalation of sulfolane vapors in a saturated atmosphere is not considered biologically significant. However, when aerosol dispersions have been used to elevate atmospheric concentration, blood changes and convulsions have been observed in laboratory animals (22,31). Convulsions caused by sulfolane injected intraperitoneaHy have also been studied (32). 

The factors governing lung deposition may be divided into those related to the physicochemical properties of the droplets or particles being delivered, the mechanical aspects of aerosol dispersion usually associated with the delivery device, and the physiological and anatomical considerations associated with the biology of the lungs. 

Drug delivery to the respiratory tract has been characterized in the past decade by an increase in knowledge of drug droplet or particle manufacture, behavior, aerosol dispersion, lung deposition and clearance. The number of diseases for which aerosol therapy may be applicable has increased dramatically. The pharmaceutical scientist is no longer limited to pulmonary diseases as therapeutic targets. Substantial progress has been made in every area of pharmaceutical aerosol science, and it is anticipated that this will ultimately lead to many new therapies. 

Aeromonas, DNA-based biosensor, 3 807 AeroSizer, 78 150—151 Aerosol containers, 7 781-782 Aerosol dispersions, 7 774-775 Aerosol drug dosage forms, 78 717 Aerosol emulsions, 7 773, 774 Aerosol flow reactors, 77 211-212 Aerosol foams, 7 773, 774 Aerosol packaging, 7 771 Aerosol pastes, 7 775 Aerosols, 7 769-787 8 697 economic aspects, 7 786 filling, 7 785-786 formulation, 7 771-780 product concentrate, 7 772-775 propellants, 7 775-781 U.S. production, 1985-2000, 7 770t Aerosol solutions, 7 772-773 Aerosol solvent extraction system (ASES), 24 17, 18... 

Many observations on the effects of DDT-oil aerosols dispersed from the ground as a means for controlling salt-marsh and anopheline mosquitoes have been summarized by La Mer et al. (50). The effects of particle size meteorological conditions, various emulsions, time of exposure, and the relationship of the habits of various mosquitoes to the use of thermal generators are given. This report discusses experiments of a pioneer nature. 

Darquenne, C., Brand, P, Heyder, J., and Paiva, M. (1997). Aerosol dispersion in human lung comparison between numerical simulations and experiments for bolus tests. J. Allied Physiol., 83, 966-974. 

Louey MD, Stewart PJ. Particle interactions involved in aerosol dispersion of ternary interactive mixtures. Pharma Res 2002 19(10) 1524—1531. 

COLLOID SYSTEMS. Colloids are usually defined as disperse systems with at least one characteristic dimension in the range 10 7 lo ll> centimeter. Examples include sals (dispersions or solid in liquid) emulsions (dispersion of liquids in liquids) aerosols (dispersions of liquids or solids in gases) /inum (dispersion of gases in liquids or solids) and gels (system, such as common jelly, in which one component provides a sufficient structural framework for rigidity and other components fill the space between the structural units or spaces). All forms of colloid systems are encountered in nature. Products of a colloidal nature arc commonly found in industry and are notably extensive in the food field. Foams, widely used in industrial products, but also the causes of processing problems are described in entries on Foam and Foamed Plastics. 

Current challenges facing the development of these systems for macromolecules include moisture control, efficient powder manufacturing, reproducible powder filling, unit dose packaging and development of efficient reliable aerosol dispersion and delivery devices. 

Lipophilic 1,4-dihydropyridines, such as 4-aryl-1,4-dihydropyridines, exhibit significant calcium channel antagonist activity. N.R. Natale et al. have synthesized a series of 4-isoxazolyl-1,4-dihydropyridines bearing lipophilic side chains at the C5 position of the isoxazole ring." The Hantzsch synthesis was carried out in an aerosol dispersion tube at 110 °C in ethanol in the presence of 2 equivalents of ethyl acetoacetate and aqueous ammonia solution. 

Snow drift and accumulation Smoke, fume or aerosol dispersion... 

Eastepp. E.D., 2006. The influence of individual, isolated vegetative canopies of aerosol dispersion in an urban environment, master s thesis, Texas Tech University. Lubbock, TX. 

Since aerosol dispersal of BoNT can create a toxic cloud over large areas, it is considered to be a likely route for use by terrorists. Consequently, a critical question for effective medical management of potential bioterrorist attacks is whether the conventional vaccine and antitoxin would be effective in treating patients following an inhalation exposure of BoNT. In experiments where guinea pigs were immunized with the pentavalent toxoid, the vaccine was found to be as protective against an... 

A29. Hoffmann, D. and E.L. Wynder Chamber development and aerosol dispersion in Inhalation carcinogenesis, edited by M.J. Hanna, R Nettesheim, and J.R. Gilbert,... 

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES colorless, oily liquid aerosol dispersed in air odor like burned lubricating oil develops not more than a faint odor of petroleum when heated practically tasteless even when warmed soluble in benzene, ehloroform, ether, carbon disulfide, and petroleum ether insoluble in water and alcohol soluble in volatile oils miscible with most fixed oils not miscible with castor oil free or nearly free from fluorescenee FRZP (-17.8°C, 0 F) BP (360°C, 680°F) DN (0.83-0.86 g/mL (light), 0.875-0.905 g/mL (heavy)) LSG (0.90) ST (slightly <35 dynes/cm at 25°C) KINEMATIC VS (not less than 38.1 centistokes at 37.8°C) VP (< 0.5 mmHg at 20°C). 

Physical Description Colorless, oily liquid aerosol dispersed in a [Note Has an odor like burned lubricating oil.] ... 

Particle size impactors operate at constant flows. The aerosol output from DPIs has often been studied by abruptly increasing the flow through the DPI in a stepwise fashion. That is, the rise time from zero to desired flow is extremely short and does not necessarily ntimic patient inhalation. How acceleration at the start of inhalation is probably more important in terms of aerosol dispersion than the actual flow achieved (see below) (25). 

Park C-W, Li X, Vogt FG et al. (2013) Advanced spray-dried design, physicochemical characterization, and aerosol dispersion performance of vancomycin and clarithromycin multifunctional controlled release particles for targeted respiratory delivery as dry powder inhalation aerosols. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 455 374—392. 

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