Liquid nonaqueous

The composition, structure, and formation process of the SEI on metallic lithium depend on the nature of the electrolyte. The variety of possible electrolyte components makes this topic very complex it is reviewed by Peled, Golodnitsky, and Penciner in Chapter III, Sec.6 of this handbook. The types and properties of liquid nonaqueous electrolytes, that are commonly used in lithium cells are reviewed by Barthel and Gores in Chapter III, Sec.7. 

In comparison with aqueous electrolytes, liquid nonaqueous electrolytes offer larger liquid ranges, down to below -150 °C [23] and up to above 300 °C [24], voltage windows up to more than 5 V, (see... 

Room-temperature molten salts are a relatively new subgroup of liquid nonaqueous electrolytes. They share their advantages and disadvantages. Unfortunately, until now, no useful room-temperature molten salt based on lithium cations has been available. 

At present, ionic liquids, also known as room-temperature ionic liquids, nonaqueous ionic liquids, molten salts, liquid organic salts, and fused salts, are considered to be the new generation of solvents. In chemical abstracts, they can be found under the headings ionic liquid or liquids ionic. Publications on ionic liquids are increasing in number. 

Similar cyclic voltammetric curves were also obtained in experiments performed at a slightly higher temperature, i.e., 333 K, under otherwise the same conditions (see lower panel, Figure 39), except for the presence of a small peak b at 0.75 V during the first scan in the negative direction (dotted line), which disappeared after the first cycle, and for what seems to be a surface-bound redox couple at about 2.0 V (d,d ) also observed by other workers in liquid nonaqueous solutions [64,65],... 

Numerous other battery chemistries have evolved over time. The most prominent ones are assembled in Table 3.5.2. One possible categorization of battery technologies can be made according to the class of electrolyte they use. Here, we will distinguish between liquid aqueous, liquid nonaqueous, and solid electrolytes. To a certain degree, the phase state of the electrolyte determines the state of the electrodes. In general, it is advantageous to have a solid/liquid phase boundary between electrode and electrolyte because of much lower contact resistance in comparison to solid/solid contacts. Therefore, if the electrodes are solids, the electrolyte should be preferably liquid and vice versa. 

In our LPBs, surfaces of graphite particles were modified with amorphous carbonaceous materials to avoid PC decomposition and our GPEs had comparable ionic conductivity to liquid nonaqueous electrolytes and also exhibited excellent compatibility with graphite. 

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