Additional Information Sources

All available information about chemical pressures and impacts should be used for setting up the monitoring strategy. Such information includes substance properties, pressure and impact assessments, and additional information sources, e.g. emission data, data on where and for what a substance is used, and existing monitoring data collected in the past. 

Smaller sources of information ie, up to 1000 data items) have also been obtained to assist in the preparation of special products and negotiations are continually underway with a view to gaining access to additional information sources. All of the data obtained from these latter sources cover environmental issues in industry. 

Figure 10.3 The marginal subjective value and cost of additional information. Source Adapted from Harrison, 1987.

Sources other than blackbodies are used when testing detectors that will be used with some other specific source, or when fhe needed IR irradiance cannot be achieved with a blackbody, or for visible applications. Alternate sources include lamps (incandescent bulbs), LEDs, Globars, and carbon arcs. These are available commercially with a little Web search a few references are included at the end of this chapter under the heading Sources of Additional Information - Sources other than Blackbodies. ... 

The following sources provide additional information on preparing samples for analysis, including the separation of analytes and interferents. 

Additional information on potentiometry and ion-selective electrodes can be found in the following sources. 

The following sources provide additional information on electrochemical biosensors. 

The goal of a collaborative test is to determine the expected magnitude of ah three sources of error when a method is placed into general practice. When several analysts each analyze the same sample one time, the variation in their collective results (Figure 14.16b) includes contributions from random errors and those systematic errors (biases) unique to the analysts. Without additional information, the standard deviation for the pooled data cannot be used to separate the precision of the analysis from the systematic errors of the analysts. The position of the distribution, however, can be used to detect the presence of a systematic error in the method. 

Workers in the metals treatment industry are exposed to fumes, dusts, and mists containing metals and metal compounds, as well as to various chemicals from sources such as grinding wheels and lubricants. Exposure can be by inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Historically, metal toxicology was concerned with overt effects such as abdominal coHc from lead toxicity. Because of the occupational health and safety standards of the 1990s such effects are rare. Subtie, chronic, or long-term effects of metals treatment exposure are under study. An index to safety precautions for various metal treatment processes is available (6). As additional information is gained, standards are adjusted. 

T. Cairns and J. Sherma, eds.. Comprehensive Analytical Profiles of Important Pesticides, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1992, 304 pp. From the series ModemMethods for Pesticide Analysis, provides detailed information on properties and analytical methodology for nine prominent pesticides, pyrethroids, and fumigants in food. Includes formulations and uses, chemical and physical properties, toxicity data, and tolerances on various foods and feeds. Analytical information may be given in enough detail for methods to be carried out without having to consult additional Hterature sources. 

The TAPPI monograph (64) is an excellent source of additional information on technical and economic aspects of wet strength. An informative overview of the chemistry and mechanisms involved in wet strength chemistry can be found in reference 65. 

Microscopic identification models ate similar to the CMB methods except that additional information is used to distinguish the source of the aerosol. Such chemical or morphological data include particle size and individual particle composition and are often obtained by electron or optical microscopy. 

Active electrochemical techniques are not confined to pulse and linear sweep waveforms, which are considered large ampHtude methods. A-C voltammetry, considered a small ampHtude method because an alternating voltage <10 mV is appHed to actively couple through the double-layer capacitance, can also be used (15). An excellent source of additional information concerning active electroanalytical techniques can be found in References 16—18. Reference 18, although directed toward clinical chemistry and medicine, also contains an excellent review of electroanalytical techniques (see also... 

Each chapter starts with a description of the topic covered in the chapter. This is followed by a short example highlighting a reported incident involving a batch reaction system. The case study is followed by a listing of key issues and process safety practices unique to the topic. The issues and concerns presented in this book, as well as potential design solutions and sources of additional information are presented in the tables. This format concisely conveys the necessary and relevant information in a familiar and convenient format. The organization of the tables is described below. 

Additional Resources Provides additional sources of information on the concerns/issues identified in the tables. Please note that the Additional Resources column does not attempt to include all sources of additional information. 

The book does not focus on occupational safety and health issues, although improved process safety can benefit each area. Detailed engineering designs are outside the scope of the book. This book intends to identify issues and concerns in batch reaction systems and provides potential solutions to address these concerns. This should be of value to process design engineers, operators, maintenance personnel, as well as members of process hazards analysis teams. While the book offers potential solutions to specific issues/concerns, ultimately the user needs to make the case for the solutions that best satisfy their company s requirements for a balance between risk reduction and cost. In many instances the book provides one or more sources of additional information on the subject which could be of value to the reader. 

Most web sites listed contain links to other web sites. This hyperconnectivity is what makes the WWW a virtually unlimited information source, which we hope you will be able to exploit to expand the limited list of sites presented below. In addition, this appendix will be regularly updated at the following web site ... 

References 29 through 38 provide additional information on filters and the design and scale-up principles. Note that vendors are some of the best sources of information on equipment. Look at some of the Web sites noted in this and other sections describing equipment. 

Environmental RouteNet provides a single gateway to the world s foremost databases and information sources available on the Internet. The sendee includes searchable links to hundreds of carefully-screened environmentally-related resources, selected and indexed by the editors at Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. In addition, the site provides access to proprietaiy environmentally-related databases and to daily updates of environmentally-related news stories, regulations and legislation, plus much, much more. 

There are many good sources of additional information about TQM, some of which are listed in the bibliography of this book. 

To help the reader select the appropriate data resource, an index precedes Sections 4.3 through 4.8. The index provides the source number within the section and the following set of data elements for each source title, industry, number and type of records, and data boundary. Appendix C contains additional information about the data elements presented in each data resource. It can also be used to help identify the resources which may provide data for a CPQRA. A discussion of the Appendix C Matrix and an explanation of data elements indexed is presented. After examining Appendix C and the pattern of data elements contained in the data resources, it is evident that equipment reliability data have been published in a variety of formats, often without any apparent effort to conform to a recognized standard for data specification. The CCPS Taxonomy and the raw data collection requirements in Chapter 6 present the basis for reliability data specification in future literature. 

The article "A History of the Structural Theory of Benzene—The Aromatic Sextet and Huckel s Rule" in the February 1997 issue of the Journal of Chemical Education (pp. 194-201) is a rich source of additional information about this topic. 

Appendix B provides a brief listing of information sources currently available on the World Wide Web (WWW), subject-sorted into a total of 91 WWW Universal Resource Locator (URL) links in 16 categories. Other links and information may be obtained from CA-related newsgroups such as comp, theory. cell-auto, comp.ai, comp.ai.alife and comp.ai.genetic. Additional resources may be found at the author s website at the Center for Naval Analyses http //www.cna.org/isaac. 

The concept of the Polymat database was based on the following criteria (1) the data-base is neutral, independent of raw-material manufacturers (2) anyone can use the database (3) all the products on. the European market should, if possible, be included (4) since testing is carried out in accordance with a variety of different international standards, the relevant standard, as well as the testing conditions, is registered (5) during the search, all properties should be capable of being linked with one another as desired and (6) the sources used for the database are the technical data sheets and additional information supplied by raw-material manufacturers, and various lectures, publications, and measured data from different institutes. 

The primary objective of CICADs is characterization of hazard and dose-response from exposure to a chemical. CICADs are not a summary of all available data on a particular chemical rather, they include only that information considered critical for characterization of the risk posed by the chemical. The critical studies are, however, presented in sufficient detail to support the conclusions drawn. For additional information, the reader should consult the identified source documents upon which the CICAD has been based. 

Additional information may be had on storage of chemicals from several sources. Material Safety Data Sheets, for example, have specific instructions with regard to storage. The local fire inspector will have good suggestions, and much can be found in reference books. Above all, the laboratory operator should throughly familiarize himself with all chemicals to be used in order to develop a safe storage system. 

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