Electrochemical activation technique

Scanned probe microscopies (SPM) that are capable of measuring either current or electrical potential are promising for in situ characterization of nanoscale energy storage cells. Mass transfer, electrical conductivity, and the electrochemical activity of anode and cathode materials can be directly quantified by these techniques. Two examples of this class of SPM are scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and current-sensing atomic force microscopy (CAFM), both of which are commercially available. 

Electrochemically generated radicals may be photochemically active, measurable by ESR techniques, or both. Conversely, species generated photochemically in solution may be electrochemically active. By using hydrodynamic electrodes with known flow patterns, the kinetics of these systems can be studied more easily. 

The biggest challenge in the HPLC analysis of biotin is its detection. Biotin does not exhibit UV absorbance or fluorescence, nor is it electrochemically active (180). Refractometry, a notoriously nonspecific technique, is the only means for direct detection of biotin. Fortunately, biotin can be converted to UV absorbing or fluorescent derivatives. 

Protein phosphatase inhibition is usually detected by colorimetric methods, but the development of a biosensor requires the search of other transduction techniques. Electrochemistry has been widely used in biosensors because of the simplicity, easy to use, portability, disposability and cost-effectiveness of the devices. As protein phosphatase is not an oxidoreductase enzyme, our work has been devoted to the investigation of novel enzymatic substrates, electrochemically active only after their dephosphorylation by the protein phosphatase. Nevertheless, colorimetric assays have been used for the optimisation of several experimental parameters. 

Amperometric sensors — A class of electrochemical sensors based on amperometry. A - diffusion-limited current is measured which is proportional to the concentration of an electrochemically active analyte. Preferred technique for - biosensors with or without immobilized enzymes (biocatalytic sensors). The diffusion layer thickness must be kept constant, either by continuous stirring or by means of an external diffusion barrier. Alternatively, micro electrodes can be... 

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