Incandescent bulb

Gluh-asche,/. glowing ashes, embers, -behand-limg,/. (Metal.) annealing, gluhbest dig, a. stable at red heat. Gluh-bime, /. incandescent bulb, -draht, m. glowing wire, hot wire incandescent filament annealed wire. 

Coatings for gas-discharge light bulbs. Gradually replacing incandescent bulbs, these bulbs are more efficient, but require a coating to reflect the IR radiation back into the filament. 

In general, most converters are tested on the bench with the electronic load set to constant current (CC mode). True, that s not benign, nor as malignant as it gets. But the implied expectation is that converters should at least work in CC mode. They should, in particular, have no startup issues with this type of load profile. But even that may not be the end of the story Some loads can also vary with time. For example, an incandescent bulb has a resistive profile, but its cold resistance is much lower than its hot resistance. That s why most bulbs fail towards the end of their natural lifetime just when you throw the wall switch to its ON position. And if the converter is powering a system board characterized by sudden variations in its instantaneous supply current demand, that can cause severe problems to the converter, too. The best known example of this is an AC-DC power supply inside a computer. The 12V rail goes to the hard disk, which can suddenly demand very high currents as it spins up, and then lapse back equally suddenly into a lower current mode. 

Record the appearance of the spectrum from the incandescent bulb. 

Over 50 different pyridazin-3-ones were evaluated for biological activity in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) test system described previously (1). Briefly, seeds were germinated in 9-cm petri dishes on three layers of filter paper. Pyridazinones were dissolved in acetone and the filter papers were impregnated with 1 ml of acetone solution. After the soluent evaporated, 10 ml of distilled water were added to form an inhibitor concentration of 100 yM. Seeds were planted directly on the moist papers and germinated for 4 days in a controlled environment chamber on a 16-hr photoperiod with 27+lC day temperature and 21+lC night temperature. Light intensity from both fluorescent and incandescent bulbs was 28 klux at dish level. Lipids were extracted and recovered from 1 g of lyophilized shoot tissue, separated into membrane and non-membrane lipids, and analyzed by gas chromatography as described (1). 

Illumination. Chromatium cultures were illuminated continuously by three 24 watt incandescent bulbs at a distance of 25 to... 

Growth of Seedlings. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L., cv. Wisconsin SMR-IS) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr., cv. Wayne) were grown in vermiculite and watered daily in a controlled environment chamber (26 2 C day, 21 2 C night) on a 12 hr photoperiod (eight 30-W cool-white fluorescent tubes plus four 25-W incandescent bulbs 200+foot-candles). The balanced nutrient solution of Frick and Mohr (H9), modified to include 1 g/1 Ca(N03)2 but without sucrose, succinic acid and kinetin, was applied on alternate days. 

A 13-W fluorescent light that fits in a standard screw-in socket provides the same light as the 60-W bulb it replaces. The expected lifetime of the fluorescent lamp is 10 000 h, whereas that of the incandescent bulb is 750 h. The fluorescent light is more expensive than the incandescent bulb but saves a great deal of electricity and money over its lifetime. 

The 75 watt incandescent bulb in this lamp uses energy at the rate of 75 J/ s. Only about 5% of that energy appears as light, however the remainder is given off as heat. 

The LED was first developed in 1962 at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. LEDs are important to a wide variety of industries, from wireless telephone handsets to signage to displays for medical equipment, because they provide a very high quality of light with very low power requirements. They also have an extremely long useful life and produce little heat output. All of these characteristics are great improvements over a conventional incandescent bulb or the LCD (liquid crystal display). 

Optically active metal complexes have been recognized as excellent catalysts for the enantioselective cyclopropanation of carbenes with alkenes. Normally, diazo compounds react under metal catalysts in the dark to afford carbenoid complexes as key intermediates. Katsuki et al. have reported the ds-selective and enantioselective cyclopropanation of styrene with a-diazoacetate in the presence of optically active (R,R)-(NO + )(salen)ruthenium complex 80, supported under illumination (440 nm light or an incandescent bulb) [59]. The irradiation causes dissociation of the apical ligand ON + in 80, and thus avoids the splitting of nitrogen from the a-diazoacetate. 

In the photocentrifuge method the concentration of a suspension is monitored using a light beam. The light can come from either a white light source (an incandescent bulb) or a monochromatic coherent source (a laser) and the detector may be either a photodiode or photomultiplier. The signal from the detector is usually digitized and converted to a size distribution via a computer. 

Fluorescent lights do not generate heat and are recommended when color evaluation is crihcal because bulbs can be selected that more closely match natural daylight. In situations when color differences between samples needs to be masked, colored incandescent bulbs or colored hlters are used. Red hghts are recommended for masking color differences in oil samples. 

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