Visible applications

In gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), the effluent from a gas chromatograph is passed into a mass spectrometer and a mass spectrum is taken every few milliseconds. Thus gas chromatography is used to separate a mixture, and mass spectrometry used to analyze it. GC/MS is a very powerful analytical technique. One of its more visible applications involves the testing of athletes for steroids, stimulants, and other performance-enhancing drugs. These drugs are converted in the body to derivatives called metabolites, which are then excreted in the... 

Infrared PDLC Shutters. PDLC films operating in the infrared could be used as shutters for infrared video systems for thermal analysis and night vision applications. The infrared PDLC films operate on the same principles as those designed for visible applications however, they must be tailored for optimum performance in the infrared. The films... 

The second general approach to overcome poor reverse-phase retention is to employ NP-LC. By comparison to RP-LC, the historic use of NP-LC for bioanalysis is negligible because of several limitations. The most notable limitation is the inability to perform reproducible gradient elution. Nevertheless, NP-LC can be a viable option for analytes too polar for RP-LC and produces far less back pressure. Perhaps, the most visible application of NP-LC is for the bioanalysis of chiral drugs [96]. This critical niche is largely the result of the frequent use of NP mobile phases with chiral stationary phases. 

One of the more visible applications of capillary electrophoresis was in the Human Genome Project. The development of capillary array electrophoresis... 

An effective approach to data compression using wavelets was introduced by Wickerhauser [33]. Data coding is one of the most visible applications of wavelets. Compression ratios of about 10 1 can be achieved without significant loss of visual detail. The FBI has adopted a standard for digital fingerprint image compression, based on wavelet compression algorithms (see Fig. 18). This standard is described in the work of Bradley [34] and Brislawn and Hopper [35,36]. 

Fibers for various purposes consume large quantities of POs, especially PP. Often used in very visible applications, PO fibers must be properly stabilized to prevent yellowing (Chapter 3). 

The reported world tonnage in 1990 was 20001 [688]. One of the major limitations to its use in visible applications is that it is available only in black. For protection against intense heat, however, it offers considerably more protection than conventional fire protection textile fibers. A PANOX-based fabric is reported to maintain a barrier against a 900°C flame for more than 5 min. In addition to its low flammability, it has an exceptionally low thermal conductivity [689]. 

Although not a large volume market, the medical device area has certainly been a very important user of TPEs. One very visible application is the use of polyurethanes in angioplasty devices. Polyurethanes (as well as polyamides and polyesters) comprise the balloon material that is expanded to increase the increase the size of opening for blood flow within an artery. Further application of polyurethane TPEs in medical devices can be found in a monograph on this subject by one of the authors of this review [219]. 

A clearly visible application for the grafted from materials is also in ballistic protection. With a relatively low modulus (e.g., 148 MPa for polystyrene-crosslinked samples -Table 13.2) and bulk density (0.46 gcm ), it is calculated that the speed of sound (equal to [modulus/bulk density] ) is 635 m s This value is very low for a solid material and highly desirable because it will extend the duration of an impact reducing the effective force on the material. The relatively low yield stress (7.2 MPa) will allow early activation of the energy absorption mechanism, while the long stress plateau will allow for large energy absorption. 

Increasing use of engineering plastics for visible applications, such as equipment housings, produce a demand for good colours that remain stable at higher processing temperatures,... 

This energy absorption is based upon several fundamental structural elements, whose interaction benefits the high energy intake. These elements include the presence of endless fibers (fiber pull-out or break), the layered structure (delamination) [6,25,30,77], the high macromolecular orientation (defibrillation of the fibers) and the ductility inherent to the basic fiber (plastic deformation) [36]. Additionally, these characteristics contribute to splinter-free composite failure [78] even at temperatures below freezing. This is especially advantageous for protective applications. Moreover, the technical design aspect CFC-optics results from the endless, often dark fiber structure and promotes use in visible applications. 

Partial ordering is an important tool of discrete mathematics, which has found visible application in chemistry [68-75]. The beginning started in 1903 with Scottish mathematician Muirhead [76], who considered ordering of sequences of the same length, such as A (a a2, aj,. .. a ) and B (bj, bj, bj,. .. bj. To do this, he first constructed the corresponding sequences of partial sums, the elements of which involve an increasing number of sequence terms ... 

Sources other than blackbodies are used when testing detectors that will be used with some other specific source, or when fhe needed IR irradiance cannot be achieved with a blackbody, or for visible applications. Alternate sources include lamps (incandescent bulbs), LEDs, Globars, and carbon arcs. These are available commercially with a little Web search a few references are included at the end of this chapter under the heading Sources of Additional Information - Sources other than Blackbodies. ... 

---