Collection of results

In order to allow an easy collection of the analytical data the organiser has the task to prepare reporting sheets. These sheets may enclose two types of data sheets. 

This part is usually not included in reports where a simple proficiency test is foreseen within a larger system of quality assurance or accreditation nor is it for standardisation 

Annexes 5.1 and 12.1 give examples of reporting forms elaborated in BCR (Bureau Communautaire de Reference) for the certification of inorganic and organic parameters in environmental matrices. They may be used as a basis to prepare reporting forms for all type of interlaboratory studies. The elaborate questions listed in the forms are intended to remind the participant of important parameters, which affect the quality of the final result. They can also be used in the technical discussion with the other participants when differences in results are noticed. Finally, they form the basic information for the preparation of certification reports in case certification is considered (see chapter 5). 

The data reported by the laboratories should be comparable and will be treated by the organiser of the study. Therefore, unambiguous information must be available to the organiser to prepare the report of the exercise. This may include tables for raw data, data corrected for dry mass, recovery for organic and organo-metallic determinations, linear response of the detector, calibration range, data expressed on a fat content basis etc. Such results sheets are also illustrated in Annex 12.1. 

The organiser should present the data to the participants in the interlaboratory study in such a way that they can extract the answers, which were part of the objective of the study. The participants should have the opportunity to make remarks or corrections. The data should be treated confidentially until the organiser has accepted to disclose them. 

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A data set [x,y] can be represented in three ways as a tabular collection of measurements, as a graph, or as an analytical function y =f x). In the process of reducing a tabular collection of results to its analytical form, some information is lost. Although y =f x) gives us the dependence of y on a , we no longer know where the particular measurement yi at x is. That information has been lost. Often, selection of the form in which experimental results will be presented depends on how (or whether) information loss influences the conclusions we seek to reach. 

Figure 1 shows the known and suspected global shipping routes of e-waste, modified from a figure from PCIJ [17] (Phillipine Centre for Investigative Journalism), which they based on a collection of results from several NGOs. 

In many experimental cases, a certain degree of interference occurs among the measures, which gives rise to possible collections of results however, the situation is even more complex if the input data are subjected to uncertainty or imprecision (Kaufmann and Gupta, 1991). Fuzzy logic is the only mathematical application that can properly solve problems with imprecision in input data. 

These results are slightly different than the values recorded in tables 4.6 and 4.7. The tabulated data are based on a larger collection of results for 1-1 electrolytes and therefore are better estimates of the single ion values. 

Tl. Tymochowicz, S. A Collection of Results and Methods on the Leachability of Solidified High-Level Radioactive Waste Forms, Report HMI-B 241, 1977. 

IV. Integration of the hyperbolic functions.—A standard collection of results of the differentiation and integration of hyperbolic functions, is set forth in the following table —... 

The organizer should ensure that the collection of results is carried out using appropriate report sheets for easy evaluation. These may include tables for raw data, data corrected for dry mass, results of recovery experiments (for organic or organometallic determinations), etc. Examples of report sheets as applied to projects dealing with speciation analysis are given in the Appendix. 

A collection of results obtained with the most effective catalyst systems is summarized in Figure 6.4. Noteworthy examples include the oxidation of a-aminoalcohols with no loss in enantiopurity and the oxidation of cis-allyhc alcohols without Z E isomerization. Stahl also demonstrated the chemoselective oxidation of primary diols to form lactones [22]. While ABNO provides efficient oxidation of symmetric diols, TEMPO discriminates between subtle steric differences in nonsymmetrical substituted diols. Cu/nitroxyl catalysts have also been applied to a variety of tandem reactions [23], perhaps the most noteworthy of which is the conversion of primary alcohols to nitriles via in situ condensation of ammonia with the aldehyde and subsequent dehydrogenation of the primary imine to the nitrile (Figure 6.5) [24]. 

Sensory data may contain many important details that will remain just a collection of results unless they can be presented in a concise, nnderstandable manner. The illustration in Figure 18.3 is a spider chart (aka Radar Profile) showing the results from a descriptive ballot evaluating a brewery s India Pale Ale (IPA) that meets the requirements of the brand profile and is considered True to Brand. (Full statistical approaches can be implemented for data analysis, and discussions can be found in the main references cited above and extensively in Lawless, 2013b and O Mahoney, 1986.)... 

Table 2 compares the present results to experiment for the KDEs. In this table, AB denotes Cl + AB ACl + B, and BA denotes Cl + BA BCl + A. Three sets of experimental data are shown the collection of results from Stem, Persky, and Klein [49] and two sets of the results of Miller and Gordon [96]... 

However, the aim of this book is not a simple collection of results, but rather a step-by-step demonstration of how they are derived. The author s greatest reward would be if young readers were motivated to apply the analytical instruments discussed below in their daily work. 

A collection of results of combinatorial chemistry tests. The library is built by performing a number of parallel chemical reactions under nominally identical conditions, each of them differing in only one or a small number of variable parameters. The library may consist of the reaction products themselves, which makes them available for additional testing, or the library is virtual, consisting of only sets of numerical data. The data is needed in either case, because the are used as inputs into sometimes very sophisticated optimum seeking mathematical algorithms yielding as its result the optimum value of the variable parameter. 

To assess the performance of the different methods, described in the first sections of this chapter, in computing the singlet-triplet gaps in diradicals, we present and discuss a collection of results, obtained by different types of calculations on square CB and TMM. Tables 2 and 3 show these results, which were all obtained with the 6-31G basis set. 

R. D. Mountain and A. Wallqvist, A Collection of Results for the SPC/E Water Model, NISTIR 5778, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1996. (Available from NTIS, Springfield, VA, Order no. PB96-147889/AS.)... 

Figure 9 Reflectivity and absorption index of P-rhombohedral boron (collection of results obtained by different methods and authors) (73-77).

For the quantities appearing in Section 4.2.5 at equations (4.118) to (4.131) it is easy to establish the following collection of results under the above transformation ... 

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