Accidents control measures

In addition to the use of qualitative and quantitative accident data when identifying and evaluating risk (see sections 10.1.2 and 10.1.3), there is a need to consider the relative occurrence of different accident types, in order that effective accident control measures may be implemented throughout an organisation. 

Control measures for die cause of each accident can be developed in terms of equipment, instrumentation, and/or standard operating procedures... 

Road accident control programmes involving traffic management, street lighting, driver education, random breath tests and other measures ... 

Technical systems which contain material representing a hazard potential must be treated under controled, safe conditions. A respective design of the facility and its operational modes is checked by different kinds of safety considerations. In addition to the consequences of normal operation, the system behavior under accident conditions has to be considered in terms of sufficient measures for controling accidents. Assumptions are being made based upon experience which has been achieved in the course of the technical development and which has resulted in a system of laws, regulations, rules, guidelines, and recommendations, e.g., for the design of components, for quality assurance, for fire protection and also for accident prevention measures. 

It is best to have a formal procedure for recording employee-identified hazards. This can be easily accomplished by a hazard form that provides a written record of the hazard, its location, and other pertinent information, such as the number of employees exposed and possible hazard-control measures. These forms can be distributed to each employee and be available from the department committee member. Employees may wish to express their views about the existence of potential hazards anonymously on the forms. Employees should report near-miss accidents, property damage incidents, and potential injury-producing hazards. It is essential in a program such as this that employees be given anonymity if desired and that they be assured that no action will be taken against them for their participation (even if they report silly hazards). 

Zhao Dong, Shen Yu-qi Zhao Zhi-qiang, et al. 2012. Risk Classification Method for Accident Potential Based on Development and Control Measures of Accident. China Safety Science Journal 22(4) 71-76. 

ABSTRACT In recent years, coal mine accident happened frequently in our country. Based on the statistics about coal mine accident and accident mechanism analysis, the paper find out the main reason that lead to coal mine accident happened frequently in our country. Based on the existing accident model, it put forward coal mine accident human error model. And make detailed factor analysis and effective analysis for the model. Then, from the angle of team, the paper put forward team safety management mode for coal mine enterprises and the corresponding safety control measures. It is a new safe management thought for China s coal mine industry. 

Therefore, based on the analysis of coal mine accident in our country, the paper find out the main reason that lead to coal mine accident happened frequently in our country, construct the accident mechanism model, and provide a new thought for the coal safe management. And as a basis of the model, it find the main reason of coal mine accident happened frequently in our country, and put forward coal mine safety control measures that conform to our national conditions and the safety production status. It provides the basis for our country s coal mine safety management. 

Ye Qishen 2009. Frequent coal mine accidents and control measures. Mine safety.211 (5) 116-119. 

Characters and control measures of unsafe operation behaviors in eolliery accidents... 

The spectrum of situations considered in the protection framework against these types of accident varies from country to country. Usually, in all cases protection is provided against malevolent intrusion in the plant by the use of access control measures. Other protections adopted are those against aeroplane crash and external impact, and those against pressure waves (see Chapter 17). 

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers requires contractors who perform construction work for the federal government to prepare a safety and occupational health plan (SOH). The idea is to analyze the potential work on a specific job or project and to plan accident prevention measures for each phase and component of the work. The plan includes work performed by subcontractors. It includes contractor hazard control measures. The plan must include frequent and regularly scheduled safety inspections of work sites, materials and equipment by competent persons. 

Level 4 Control of severe plant conditions, including prevention of accident progression and mitigation of the consequences of severe accidents Complementary measures and accident management... 

The production of molecular iodine in the aqueous phase involves the relative balance between reactions that oxidise iodide ion and reactions that reduce molecular iodine. This balance may be affected the radiation dose rate, which is beyond control by accident management measures, and by the many chemicals introduced during accident progression. The balance between oxidation and reduction is also affected by temperature and by the pH of the solution. The temperature dependence of the molecular iodine concentration in solution is complicated. Reactions that oxidise... 

Health risk assessment is the process of examining and evaluating the risk to the health and safety of workers while at work arising from the circumstances of the occurrence of a hazard at the workplace [1]. A risk assessment is a careful examination of what, at the workplace, could cause harm to people, so that the employer can decide whether he has taken enough precautions or should do more to prevent harm. Workers and others have a right to be protected from harm caused by a failure to take reasonable control measures. Accidents and ill health can ruin lives and affect the business too if for example output is lost, machinery is damaged, insurance costs increase or the employer even have to go to court. 

Develop control measures to eliminate or reduce the risk of accident. (DEVELOP)... 

OHS issues will certainty arise from time to time in ary workplace, and can be hartdled through the consultative process which Robens-style OHS law sets up - employers talking with health and safety representatives, or in health and safety committees, hr srrtall workplaces, or those without representatives, the employer can discuss matters one-on-one with employees. Issues onty become disputes if there is a difference between an employee s request, demand or point of view and that of the employer. The dispnte may be for a mtmber of reasons - one, of coitrse, is inabihty to pay for risk control measures. Another may be that the employer is dependent on others to implement solutions. For example, a contractor at a mine site may operate machinery belonging to the principal which needs new capital investment for safe operation rather than just maintenance. An accident make employees aware of a risk they weren t aware of before. 

Only two accident models have been examined. The models all represent different conceptual viewpoints. All are useful when considering control measures for accident... 

Measures of severe accident control are aimed at the following ... 

Fig. H/3.2.5 1 is an important record-keeping document for HAZID analysis. This hazard register is same as the risk register discussed in Clause 3.2 of Chapter I, and details of the risk register are shown in Fig. 1/3.2.1-1. Since details of the risk register are already available, it will not be repeated here. Fig. 11/3.2.5-1 shows the basic structure. In the case of HAZID, hazard register is the popular term, hence it is used here. These hazard registers are available for each section of the facility. For each section, all hazards and major incidents/accidents are listed along with the probable cause. The register also contains the control measure, assumptions, etc. This will become the main document for subsequent use.

The main philosophy behind risk analysis is to ensure that the entire workforce has sufficient knowledge, awareness, and understanding of the risks from major incidents. Understanding the risk may be accompanied by uncertainty, and by effective risk analysis, this is removed through debate, active participation, and sharing knowledge about risks and control measures. In this connection NORSOK Standatd Z-013 Clause 5.2.2.3 may also be referred to. The standard also includes operation constraints and limitations, defined situations and accidents, area system and equipment classification, etc. 

In most cases a three tier approach is adopted, as shown in Fig. II/4.2.3-1. Initially, a qualitative or semiquantitative approach is taken to assess the risk and screen it. When risks are in a high risk zone or there is the possibility of a major accident event, then quantitative risk assessments are carried out to prescribe necessary control measures. It is quite common that in many cases a combined approach is necessary to justify consequence analysis. Mostly, when a quantitative approach is undertaken, prior preliminary analysis is done. From the diagram it is seen that whenever all replies to the queries shown in the diagram after qualitative analysis are NO, then the action stops. If any reply is YES, then the next level of analysis is carried out. A similar approach is applicable for semiquantitative and quantitative analyses (Fig. II/4.2.3-1). 

Critical operating parameter (COP) Many facilities try to put special focus on COP and scrutinize control measures for these. What is COP Each piece of equipment, process, and procedure has lower and upper performance limits and the operation shall be limited within this boundary to avoid accidents. Whenever a control is designed, for example, it should meet the performance requirement (say 50—100%). Operation range below 50% and above 100% performance is not guaranteed. So, it is necessary see that these limits corresponding to each COP are not exceeded. The role of control measure in relation to COP is clear from Fig. 11/4.5.4-2. The critical control parameter needs to be monitored and managed continuously for the process where immediate and continuous response from the operator is necessary. 

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