Random breath testing

Road accident control programmes involving traffic management, street lighting, driver education, random breath tests and other measures ... 

The annual number of random breath tests (per vehicles) Low Acceptable Objective... 

The enforcement index measures traffic enforcement effectiveness levels in the country. It can be based on the objective indicators such as the annual number of random breath tests (per vehicles) and the annual number of speed-violation tickets (per vehicle). Additional subjective indicators that may be added include the technical means and equipments that are available to the traffic police in the country. One study (Cameron Diamantopoulou, 2000), of the few studies in this area, has developed a combination of objective and subjective indicators to measure an enforcement index for the State of Victoria in Australia. This enforcement index cannot be used at this stage due to the lack of data from most countries. 

Figure 11-11. Injury crashes during high-alcohol drinking hours in Australia, per month from January 1983 to December 1992. Random Breath Testing was introduced in July 1989 and graphic and disturbing advertisements depicting traffic injuries - labeled by the press as commercials of death - were added in December 1989 (from Tay, 2005, with permission from Elsevier)...

Random breath testing was permitted by law. For the first time poUce could require a breath sample from any driver at any time without cause. ... 

Research had shown that the random breath test law was not effective at the levels at which it was... 

Perhaps the best example relates to the success of random breath testing in the state of Victoria. The introduction of a law that permitted police to require a breath test of any driver without cause, including via roadblocks that tested large numbers of drivers at random, was revolutionary. Initially it was also ineffective. Research was commissioned to try to understand why it did not woik. The police cooperated with the academics and reassigned enforcement resources according to a plan to scientifically assess the effect of enforcement intensity. The data suggested an operational rule of thumb of 20 hours of enforcement per 100 square kilometres per week to achieve effectiveness. ... 

Pimentel M, Chow EJ, Lin HC Normalization of lactulose breath testing correlates with symptom improvement in irritable bowel syndrome. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol 2003 98 412-419. 

Alcohol and risk of crash involvement Drivers with high BAG (Blood Alcohol Content) in their blood have more chance of being killed than those with zero BAG (sober drivers). Hakkert Braimaister (2002) provided a review of many studies and reported that the risk in traffic will increase rapidly with BAG. Such results have given the basis for setting BAG limits in many countries (e.g.. 08 g/dl). Thoresen et al. (1992) have shown a positive correlation between the total number of fatalities in Victoria state in Australia with alcohol sales and inverse relationship with random BAG breath testing. 

Service agents can provide a variety of services for you, including random selections, breath testing, evaluations, etc. The roles and responsibilities of service agents are described in Subpart Q, but remember ... 

The most important evidence is probably offered by a recent double-blind, randomized trial which showed a better therapeutic effect of rifaximin in comparison to tetracycline in a cohort of SIBO syndrome patients [42] in particular, rifaximin administration produced a significant reduction of breath hydrogen levels in fasting conditions, peak of hydrogen excretion and cumulative breath hydrogen excretion after an oral dose of 50 g of glucose (fig. 1). Normalization of the test results was evident in 70% of the sample studied. 

All time spent providing a breath sample or urine specimen, including travel time to and from the collection site, in order to comply with the random, reasonable suspicion, post-accident, or follow-up testing required by Part 382 of this subchapter when directed by a motor carrier. 

---