Xerosis

Fig. i4.8a-d. Melasma of the face before and after combined peeling with 25% salicylic acid and 10% TCA gel. Note in c skin xerosis 2 days after the first treatment... 

Diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis include the presence of pruritus with three or more of the following (1) history of flexural dermatitis of the face in children younger than 10 years of age (2) history of asthma or allergic rhinitis in the child or a first-degree relative (3) history of generalized xerosis (dry skin) within the past year (4) visible flexural eczema (5) onset of rash before 2 years of age. 

Coprinus micaceus is abrmdant in the prairie region of Canada and is an edible mushroom. The methanohc extract of C. micaceus exhibited anti-bacterial activity against A. faecalis, S. aureus, Corynebacterium xerosis and E. coli at the concentration of 250 pg/ml in a preliminary anti-bacterial screening assay. A chromatographic fractionation of methanohc extract of this mushroom subsequently resulted in the isolation of a new bioactive sterol, micaceol (12). 

The H NMR spectram (CDClj, 500 MHz) of 12 showed two singlets (8 0.83 and 8 0.95), each integrating for three protons due to the C-18 and C-19 methyl protons. Three 3H doublets at 8 0.78 (J= 6.5 Hz), 8 0.79 (J= 6.5 Hz) and 8 0.85 (J = 7.0 Hz) were due to the secondary C-26, C-27 and C-21 methyl protons, respechvely. The C-3 methine proton resonated as a one-proton double doublet at 8 3.63 (JJ= 10.5 Hz and J2= 3.5 Hz) and its downfield chemical shift value was indicative of the presence of a geminal hydroxyl funchonality. A one-proton mulhplet at 8 5.21 was ascribed to the C-6 olefinic proton. The C-28 exocyclic methylene protons appeared as two broad singlets at 8 5.40 and 5.58. The C-NMR spectram (CDCl, 125 MHz) showed the resonance of all 28 carbon atoms. The combination of H and C-NMR data suggested that compound 12 has a sterol like structure as most of the H and C-NMR chemical shift values of 12 were similar to those of sterols reported in the literature [19, 20]. The H and C-NMR chemical shift values were assigned with the aid of COSY-45 , HSQC and HMBC spectral data. Compound 12 was found to have modest inhibitory activity against C. xerosis and S. aureus with minimal inhibitory concentration values of 82.35 and 146 pg/ml, respectively. 

Repeated and prolonged skin contact with cement can result in dermatitis of the hands, forearms, and feet this is a primary irritant dermatitis and may be complicated in some instances by a secondary contact sensitivity to hexavalent chromium. In a study of 95 cement workers, 15 had a mild dermatitis of the hands, which consisted of xerosis with erythema and mild scaling of 20 workers who were patch tested with 0.25% potassium dichromate, one person had a mild reaction and the others were negative. 

Skin complaints, particularly xerosis, conjunctivitis, and cheilitis. 

Atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, dermatitis, discoid lupus erythematosus, eczema, exfoliative dermatitis, granuloma annulare, lichen planus, lichen simplex, polymorphous light eruption, pruritus, psoriasis, Rhus dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, xerosis ... 

Burning, erythema, macuiopapuiar rash, pruritus, skin irritation, xerosis Occasional... 

Treatment of ichthyosis vulgaris and xerosis PO Apply sparingly and rub into area thoroughly ql2h. 

Desquamination, burning or stinging, dry skin, itching, erythema, worsening of psoriasis, irritation, skin pain, pruritis, xerosis, photosensitivity Occasional... 

Night blindness (inability to see in dim light), conjunctival xerosis (dry and non-wettable conjunctiva), corneal xerosis (dry and non-wettable cornea and become opaque), keratomalacia (cornea becomes soft and burst open and vision is lost), Bitot s spots, growth retardation, dry and rough skin, sterility due to faulty spermatogenesis. 

Deficiency symptoms Bitot s spots, xerosis, night blindness, keratomalacia, diarrhoea, follicular hyperkeratosis, papular eruptions, drying of epidermis, urinary calculi, degeneration of testis, impaired spermatogenesis, sterility, abortion, impairment of smell and taste. 

As a humectant, urea is used in concentrations of 2-20% in creams and lotions. As a keratolytic agent, it is used in 20% concentration in diseases such as ichthyosis vulgaris, hyperkeratosis of palms and soles, xerosis, and keratosis pilaris. Concentrations of 30-50% applied to the nail plate have been useful in softening the nail prior to avulsion. 

Nowicki and Bara ska-Rybak (2007) studied the protective effect of shark liver oil. They observed a significant protection against bacterial and fungal infections by shark liver oil treatment which contains mostly squalene and alkylglycerol. Further, this treatment showed improved effects on xerosis and skin lesion-induced atopic dermatitis. This antibacterial and antifungal effect could be accounted for the high-squalene-including composition of the shark liver oil however, detailed studies are needed to be carried out for reputed activity of squalene as an anti-infectant. 

Muhammed, A. Studies on biosynthesis of polymetaphosphate by an enzyme from Corynebacterium xerosis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 54, 121-132 (1961)... 

Lactic Acid Ammonium Hydroxide [Ammonium Lactate] (Lac-Hydrin) [Emollient] Uses Severe xerosis ichthyosis Action Emollient moisturizer Dose Apply bid Caution [B, ] Disp Cream SE Local irritation EMS T Risk of photosensitivity Rxns and hyperpigmentation OD Unlikely... 

A 30-year-old man with recurrent atopic eczema of the head and neck, generalized xerosis, keratosis pilaris of the arms, and a history of dyshidrosis was initially treated with prednisolone-21-acetate ointment (305). His skin eruption became worse. He was given oral... 

Rawlings, A.Y., et al. 1994. Abnormalities in stratum corneum structure, lipid composition, and desmosome degradation in soap-induced winter xerosis. J Soc Cosmet Chem 45 203. 

Keratomalacia, characterized by desiccation, ulceration, and xerosis of the cornea and conjunctiva, is occasionally seen as an acute symptom in the very young who are ingesting severely deficient diets. Usually, it is foreshadowed by night blindness, which appears as the earliest ocular sign of deficiency. Ultimately, severe visual impairment and even blindness result. 

Likewise, my experience shows that general practitioners are in no better position than their patients regarding selection of the most effective moisturizers for treating the common everyday dry skin disorders, such as winter xerosis. It should be emphasized that the prevalence of dry skin among the elderly in northern climates approaches 100%. Leaving aside appearance, rough feel, and various discomforts, the most important sensorial component of xerosis is persistent itching which can ruin the quality of life. 

It should be appreciated that the generic term dry skin denotes a diverse family of conditions ranging from relatively benign disorders such as winter xerosis to devastating, life threatening... 

In both types of common ichthyosis, scaling is usually most apparent on the extensor surface of the extremities, but it may also appear on the trunk, especially in XRI (Figure 8.2). Xerosis of the skin is a prominent feature in most patients, but there is no skin inflammation unless ichthyosis is complicated by, for example, atopic eczema (common in IV) or microbial infections. 

Although treatment of xerosis and scaling is a sine qua non in LI therapy, other skin symptoms also need to be taken care of. Thus, ectropion, alopecia, and finger contractions are usually unresponsive to medical treatment, and only occasional patients with anhidrosis will improve the sweating capacity when using potent oral drugs for LI.36... 

The characteristics of hydration level and barrier function of SC in various types of dry skin were reviewed and summarized in Table 9.3. They are senile xerosis, seasonal allergic rhinitis, ichthyosis valgaris, and experimentally induced dry skin including atopic xerosis and dry skin by hemodialysis. The water content decreased in every type of dry skin and the free amino acids content also decreased corresponding to the decrease of the water content. However, the TEWL or the ceramide levels showed no clear tendency throughout every type of dry skin, especially ceramides showed higher or lower value even though the water content in SC was consistently lower in every type of dry skin. 

Watanebe, M., Tagami, H., Horii, I., Takahashi, M., and Kligman, A.M. Functional analyses of the superficial stratum corneum in atopic xerosis. Arch. Dermatol. 127 1689-1692 (1991). 

Tezuka, T. Electron-microscopic changes in xerosis senile epidermis. Its abnormal membrane-coating granule formation. Dermatol. 166 57-61 (1983). 

Akimoto quantified stratum corneum lipids in xerosis and asteatotic eczema in aging. On leg skin they found an age-related decline in total lipids. In healthy leg skin, there was age-related decline in the total ceramide. In contrast, in xerosis and in asteatotic eczema suffering significantly reduced water-holding properties, no definite decrease, but rather a slight increase in ceramide quantity, with... 

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