Calculi urinary

ACS Symposium Series American Chemical Society Washington, DC, 1980. 

Alkaline earth renal llthlasls occurs when the ion solubility product is exceeded, a crystal nucleation site is present, and endogenous inhibitors of crystallization are decreased or absent (2, Mucoprotelns (6), collagen (7), brushite (8.9,10), 

The view that nucleating sites are an essential Induction factor in stone formation has led to a number of efforts to decrease their presence. Thus, oral cellulose phosphate has been utilized to decrease the brushite (CaHP0 2H20) activity in urine. Allopurinol (26), administered apparently with some success, reduces the hyperuricosurla observed concomitantly with some oxalate stone formation. 

The capability of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid EDTA to solubilize otherwise insoluble calcium precipitates led to its 

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Dissolution of Human Urinary Calculi in Vitro. Five human urinary calculi containing various proportions of Ca3(P04)2, Ca(C204), CaC03, and MgNH4(P04) were subjected to similar dissolution tests at pH 7 (Table 11). The same dissolution patterns as those of the model phosphate and oxalate calculi are found. That is, for phosphate calculi no. 1-4, X is more effective than [18]aneN6 or EDTA and for oxalate calculus no. 5, EDTA is best. 

Cj Table 11. Dissolved [Ca2+] and [Mg2+] from human urinary calculi with ligands at 37 °C for one hour in pH 7 collidine buffer (Ref.35))... 

Calcium oxalate (723) occurs as the monohydrate (whewellite, the thermodynamically stable form under ambient conditions (724)), the dihydrate (weddellite) in plant calcium stores and in sap, or the trihydrate (725). Calcium oxalate also plays a structural role in plants. Oxalate, for example from excessive amounts of rhubarb or spinach, inhibits absorption of Ca2+ from the GIT precipitation of calcium oxalate is the reason for the toxicity of oxalates. Calcium oxalate may also occur in man, where it can appear as minute star-shaped crystals in the urine. It is the main constituent of the majority of urinary calculi in man (726,727). The relationships between dietary calcium... 

The elevated blood uric acid concentration in gout is an easily identified and readily treated abnormality. However, it is essential to identify the condition and institute therapy early to avoid the complications that result from a prolonged elevated uricemia. Complications include arthritis, tophi, urinary calculi, and gouty nephropathy. 

Deficiency symptoms Bitot s spots, xerosis, night blindness, keratomalacia, diarrhoea, follicular hyperkeratosis, papular eruptions, drying of epidermis, urinary calculi, degeneration of testis, impaired spermatogenesis, sterility, abortion, impairment of smell and taste. 

Ulmus campestris L. U. macrocarpa Hance U. pumila L. Yu Bai Pi (Siberian elm, Chinese elm) (leaf) Butyric acid, capric acid, lipase, hexylenaldehyde, phlobaphene, phytosterol, sitosterol.50 For urinary calculi, diuretic, febrifuge. 

Urinary calculi are more likely during glucocorticoid treatment because of increased excretion of calcium and phosphate (131). 

Hydrangea is stated to possess diuretic and antilithic properties. Traditionally, it has been used for cystitis, urethritis, urinary calculi, prostatitis, enlarged prostate gland, and specifically for urinary calculi with gravel and cystitis. 

Urinary calculi are frequent concomitants of vitamin A deficiency. The epithelium of the urinary tract shares in the general pathological changes of all epithelial structures. Epithelial debris thus may provide the nidus around which a calculus is formed. Abnormalities of reproduction include impairment of spermatogenesis, degeneration of testes, abortion, resorption of fetuses, and production of malformed offspring. 

Kaneko T, Koizumi T, Takezaki T, Sato A. Urinary calculi associated with solvent abuse. J Urol 1992 147(5) 1365-6. 

Kroeger RM, Moore RJ, Lehman TH, Giesy JD, Skeeters CE. Recurrent urinary calculi associated with toluene sniffing. J Urol 1980 123(1) 89-91. 

Intoxication with vitamin D causes weakness, nausea, loss of appetite, headache, abdominal pains, cramps, and diarrhea. More seriously, it also causes hypercalcemia, with plasma concentrations of calcium between 2.75 to 4.5 mmol per L, compared with the normal range of 2.2 to 2.5 mmol per L. At plasma concentrations of calcium above 3.75 mmol per L, vascular smooth muscle may contract abnormally, leading to hypertension and hypertensive encephalopathy. Hypercalciuria may also result in the precipitation of calcium phosphate in the renal tubules and hence the development of urinary calculi. Hypercalcemia can also result in calcinosis - the calcification of soft tissues, including kidneys, heart, lungs, and blood vessels. This is assumed to be the result of increased calcium uptake into tissues in response to excessive plasma concentrations of the vitamin and its metabolites. 

This acid is a di-cysteine resulting from two molecules of cysteine by the loss of two hydrogen atoms from the sulph-hydro groups, (—SH). It is found in urinary calculi. 

The microanalyzer has been applied to biological materials (Cl, D18), including the analysis of cell fractions (A6), measurement of titanium and zinc (10 -10 atoms/eejl) in leukocjrtes (C8), fluorine in teeth (W7), and calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in small urinary calculi (CIO). If electron probe microanalysis becomes a routine tool, it is unlikely to be located in clinical chemistry. 

Urolithiasis In vitamin A deficiency, urino-genital epithelium shows keratinization followed by bacterial invasion and formation of alkaline urine. This factors cause calcium phosphate precipitation, which leads to formation of urinary calculi. 

In a French analysis of 22 510 urinary calculi performed by infrared spectroscopy, drug-induced urolithiasis was divided into two categories first, stones with drugs... 

Moesch C, Rince M, Raby C, Leroux-Robert C. Identification d un metabolite de la floctafenine dans un calcul urinaire. [Identification of metabolite of floctafenine in urinary calculi.) Ann Biol Clin (Paris) I987 45(5) 546-50. 

Hard tissues, tooth enamel, bones, urinary calculi... 

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