Improving effectiveness

Comparison of different inhibitory effects of an antimicrobial agent on microbial activity necessitates the determination of parameters that could express the influence of a toxic compound (Banerjee and Sarkar, 2004). Two such parameters have been identified kir which is the exponential inhibition constant, and is inversely correlated with tolerance to antimicrobials, and C50%, which refers to the toxic concentration that would inhibit 50% of any pysiological mechanism (Liewen and Marth, 1985 Banerjee and Sarkar, 2004). To form a good picture of the action of organic acids k, should be taken into account together with xmin values, in order to evaluate the inhibition of fermentation. However, the value of the reciprocal of k, plus the value of xmin could be adapted if needed, for example, for a more practical industrial approach. There is a fair correlation between k, and C50o/o. It is, however, easier to determine the latter parameter, and it 

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For achieving improved effective initiation for each step of block copolymerization, type I MAI having dual... 

Continuous infusions of nitroglycerin should be initiated at a dose of 5 to 10 mcg/minute and increased every 5 to 10 minutes until symptomatic or hemodynamic improvement. Effective doses range from 35 to 200 mcg/minute. The most common adverse events reported are headache, dose-related hypotension, and tachycardia. A limitation to nitroglycerin s use is the development of tachyphylaxis, or tolerance to its effects,... 

Within this approach it was proposed so called improved effective action which is more properly takes into account current quark masses and satisfies axial-anomaly low energy theorems also beyond the chiral limit (M.M. Musakhanov, 1999) at least at 0(m). 

For some applications, an adsorbent may be impregnated with a material that enhances its contaminant-removal ability. The improved effectiveness may be related to any of several mechanisms. The impregnating material may react with the vapor contaminant to form a compound or complex that remains on the adsorbent surface. Some impregnants react with the contaminant, or catalyze reactions of the contaminant with other gas constituents, to form less noxious vapor-phase substances. In some instances, the impregnant acts as a catalyst intermittently, for example, under regeneration conditions. In this case, the contaminant is adsorbed by physical adsorption and destroyed by a catalytic reaction during regeneration. 

The economic advandage of using peat lies in the better utilization of nutrients. At 1984 prices, the saving achieved by retaining the nutrients is about 6 Finnish marks (about 0.9 USD), per cubic meter of peat used. The price of peat liitter is about 20 marks/m3 (3 USD). Additional benefit is derived from the soil improvement effect... 

Study of drug delivery systems to improve effective presentation of the drug to patients for enhancing certain characteristics and improving patient compliance... 

A substrate screening was also carried out and reported [67]. For both penta- and tetracoordinate complexes the reaction rate and selectivity increased on going from methyl to t-butyl ketone, thus following the steric hindrance and electrophilicity of the substrate. In the comparison between PPEI and APPEI, the former were markedly more selective in both the neutral (Table 4.7) and cationic complexes. An increase in the iodide Ir ratio also had an improving effect on the asymmetric induction for 77a, reaching a maximum 84% ee at [ "] [Ir] = 3. 

The elimination of a fire hazard may be the ideal solution, but it is often not possible. In general, the optimum level of fire protection is achieved by selecting from the other appropriate prevention and mitigation options. The higher the performance availability (or lower the probability of failure-on-demand) of each selected fire protection feature, the more effective the overall fire protection system. The generally preferred approach to improve effectiveness is to select a combination oipassive and active fire protection features. 

A large amount of clinical data is available on some of the common anti-inflammatory drugs such as glucocorticoids and NSAIDs. Coupling of these drugs to drug carriers may favourably affect kinetics and metabolism, thereby improving effectiveness and safety. So,... 

Lu WH, Shou J, Tang XC, Improving effect of huperzine A in aged rats and adult tats with experimental cognitive impairment, Acta Pharm Sinica 9 11—15, 1988. 

Composting is the most common biological treatment option. It may be considered as a recycling option when the resulting compost is used as fertilizer or soil improver. Effects like increased water retention capacity and improved soil structure are ecological benefits that are of particular importance when soil erosion is a serious problem (for example in some Southern European countries). 

Five newer, atypical antipsychotics are currently marketed in the United States (Table 26.1). What makes these agents atypical is their reduced propensity to cause EPS and their improved effectiveness in the treatment of... 

Mitsushima D, Hei DL, Terasawa E GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter restricting the release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone before the onset of puberty. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 395-399, 1994 Miura N, Nakata N, Tanaka Y, et al Improving effects of FG-7080 a serotonin reuptake inhibitor on scopolamine-induced performance deficits of memory tasks in rats. Jpn J Pharmacol 62 203-206, 1993 Mizuta T, Segawa T Chronic effects of imipramine and lithium on 5-HT receptor subtypes in rat frontal cortex, hippocampus and choroid plexus quantitative receptor autoradiographic analysis. Jpn J Pharmacol 50 315-326, 1989... 

Isooctylnitrate cetane improvers effectively boost the cetane number by aiding in the autoignition of fuel, thus controlling ignition delay. Some typical guidelines which can be used to anticipate cetane improver performance are listed below ... 

Nowicki and Bara ska-Rybak (2007) studied the protective effect of shark liver oil. They observed a significant protection against bacterial and fungal infections by shark liver oil treatment which contains mostly squalene and alkylglycerol. Further, this treatment showed improved effects on xerosis and skin lesion-induced atopic dermatitis. This antibacterial and antifungal effect could be accounted for the high-squalene-including composition of the shark liver oil however, detailed studies are needed to be carried out for reputed activity of squalene as an anti-infectant. 

The pharmaceutical manufacturer may he claiming a pricing premium because of a claimed additional benefit (that is, improved effectiveness, a better adverse-event profile or delivery system) conferred by the new product over its therapeutic rivals. If no such benefit is established, the PBAC process is known as "cost minimization" and involves a recommendation for therapeutically equivalent doses and prices (Birkett, Mitchell, and McManus 2001). Once a decision is made to recommend listing of the drug for government reimbursement, the PBPA then evaluates the requested price against an international benchmark price and the clinical and cost-effectiveness data from the PBAC. 

Of preparative interest is the improvement effected in the Gomberg-Bachmann-Hey arylation of thiophene by conducting the reaction in a non-aqueous solvent with 18-crown-6 as catalyst (80T3327). 

There were no differences between control and CSE treated groups in either ST or SD test, suggesting that CSE had no effect on memory restoration in normal mice. It is well-known that the oral administration of ethanol induced impairment of memory acquisition in ST and SD tests Fig. (5). The increase of errors (Q and the decrease (D) in number of learned mice were significantly ameliorated by CSE in SD test dose-dependently, but not in ST test. The improving effects were dose-dependent. 

Takeichi, Y., et al. 1990. Combinative improving effect of increased solubility and the use of absorption enhancers on the rectal absorption of uracil in beagle dogs. Chem Pharm Bull 38 2547. 

We have discussed how companies can achieve the two percent IT cost barrier, while still investing in real business improvements. However, to improve effectiveness while maintaining efficiency, it is clear that the rigidity and the effort of management processes needs improvement. We consider that three processes clearly sit at the heart of that improvement ... 

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