Skin denotation

It should be appreciated that the generic term dry skin denotes a diverse family of conditions ranging from relatively benign disorders such as winter xerosis to devastating, life threatening... 

Our quality of life is influenced not only by the appearance and tactile feel of the skin surface, but also by the sensorial feelings inside the skin. The generic term dry skin denotes a diverse family of conditions with a variety of pathologies preceding each one of them. We also recognize the complex interactions between topically applied substances and the skin. 

In many countries, compounds that present a skin hazard are identified by a skin denotation (or Sk notation) in the list of occupational exposure limits (OELs). The purpose of this is to draw attention to substances that can penetrate intact skin and contribute to total systemic exposure. 

Drawdown and build-up surveys are typically performed once a production well has been completed, to establish the reservoir property of permeability (k), the well completion efficiency as denoted by its skin factor (S), and the well productivity index (PI). Unless the routine production tests indicate some unexpected change in the well s productivity, only SBHP surveys may be run, say once a year. A full drawdown and build-up survey would be run to establish the cause of unexplained changes in the well s productivity. 

Fig. 37. Dependence of the thermodynamic parameters AH and AS of triple-helix formation on the imino acid content of the peptides (obtained by cleavage of calf skin-type I collagene with cyanogene and subequent isolation by column chromatrography)3) and of the native neutral salt-soluble skin collagene of various animals. The entropy values are denoted by dotted lines...

Pain production is the most common injury inflicted on man. This noxious stimulus is perceived almost instantly after skin - tentacle contact. A subpopulation (30 - 40%) of visceral sensory C fibers denoting noscioception have been shown to be selectively excited experimentally in nerve ganglia preparations by a component of... 

Hygienic hand disinfection. Hygienic hand disinfection is a term used to denote the killing and removal of transient microorganisms on the skin, i.e. those germs that literally come and go and which do not therefore form part of the resident skin population. Essentially, hygienic hand disinfection is a measure to prevent the transmission of these organisms. It can be achieved in two ways. 

The word dermatitis denotes an inflammatory erythematous rash. The disorders discussed in this chapter include contact dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, diaper dermatitis, and atopic dermatitis. Drug-induced skin disorders have been associated with most commonly used medications and may present as maculopapular eruptions, fixed-drug eruptions, and photosensitivity reactions. 

Percutaneous Denoting the passage of substances through unbroken skin for example, by needle puncture, including introduction of wire and catheters. 

Orange-peel (alligator) skin Overcure Part line Term used to denote a typical surface texture caused by the settling of fillers from a batch during casting. The state of cure beyond the state of optimum cure. The surface at which the various pieces of a mold come together when re-assembled. The part lines of a mold determine the flash lines of the casts produced from that mold. 

Figure 2. Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography of DMBA-deoxyribo-nucleoside adducts formed by enzymatic digestion of DNA from mouse embryo cells exposed to [l Cj-DMBA (0.2 yg/ml) for 24 h ( - ) and of DNA from the skin of female NIH Swiss mice treated with [3h]-DMBA (10 yg/mouse) for 24 h (0-0). The arrow denotes the position of elution of an added uv-absorbing marker 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine. "Reproduced with permission from Ref. 15. Copyright 1980, IRL Press".

The uptake component estimates the amount absorbed through the skin, the lungs or the gastrointestinal wall. This denotes the amount that reaches systemic circulation. If information on the fraction absorbed is available, this can be specified. Otherwise, simple diffusion models can be used to estimate the fraction taken up. As an alternative, uptake can be set to 100 %, in which case potential doses are calculated by the program. 

The force per unit mass exerted on a particle of kind j by the surrounding gas will be denoted by F. Among the effects that may contribute to are (1) skin friction and separation drag, (2) gravity and other body forces. 

These observations on sensory nerve endings can probably be extended mechanistically and transposed to other sites (e.g. the airways). In skin it seems certain that a local axon reflex is involved in the triple response described by Lewis, whereby there is flush, flare and wheal manifestation of which denotes neurogenic inflammation. Many of these manifestations can be blocked with bradykinin and tachykinin receptor antagonists, and antihistamines, used in concert. It is now presumed that these basic observations in the skin can be applied to conjunctivae and the airways, and there is every reason to suppose that much the same events are involved in (defensive) reaction to exogenous irritant chemicals. 

The symbol K represents intercompartmental mass transport parameters. The subscripts Bl, Br, Cs, Gl, Gl, In, Ki, Lv, and Sk denote blood brain, carcass, gut lumen, gut tissue, integument, kidney, liver, and skin, respectively. Primed symbols designate inorganic mercury. 

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