Workmanship tests

The aim of control of the manufacturing process is to ensure that the finished product conforms with the original specification. The intention is to ensure a uniform quality of the product, covering both the materials and the workmanship. Testing, as detailed in Chapter 7 of the EUROCOMP Design Code, will be required along with an overall quality plan. 

This is determined by applying a suitable design stress factor (factor of safety) to the maximum stress that the material could be expected to withstand without failure under standard test conditions. The design stress factor allows for any uncertainty in the design methods, the loading, the quality of the materials, and the workmanship. 

Prior to initial operation, each piping installation, including components and workmanship, shall be examined in accordance with the applicable requirements of Part GR and the specific requirements of Part IP or PL, and to any greater extent specified by the engineering design. Weld joints not included in the extent of examinations required by Part IP or PL or by the engineering design are acceptable if they pass VT and the leak test required by para. GR-4.10. 

Firstly, it should be noted that predicted service life cannot take into account poor workmanship, incorrect use or maintenance, faults due to an assembly of components where each one is only tested individually, or unexpected operating conditions. 

A few miscellaneous tests that fall under neither input nor output characteristics, are surveillance tests, delay times, waterproofness, workmanship, duds, tumbling and some others... 

In the United Kingdom, though not a statutory requirement, all conventional pressure vessels for use in the chemical and allied industries will invariably be designed and fabricated in accordance with the British Standard specification for fusion-welded pressure vessels, BS 5500 or an equivalent code, such as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers code. Section VIII (the ASME code). The codes and standards cover design, materials of construction, fabrication (manufacture and workmanship), inspection and testing and form the basis of agreement between the manufacturer and customer, and the customer s insurance company. 

Validation of utility systems. Define test functions and acceptance criteria for the utilities, including workmanship. 

This book in no way condones illegal activity It is your responsibility to determine the legality of your actions. Further, because we have no control over the workmanship, materials, tools, methods, or testing procedures employed, we hereby disclaim any responsibility for consequences resulting from the fabrication or compounding of any item described in this book. Ne cannot and will not accept any responsibility for this information and its subsequent use. This book is sold for informational purposes only ... 

The number and severity of fabrication and installation deficiencies are also directly related to quality control efforts during construction phases of a project. For example, a review of contractor submittals, or shop drawings, usually helps assure comphance with contract documents before equipment is delivered to the job site. Site inspections during installation work may detect deficiencies in design or workmanship before they lead to operational problems and performance difficulties. In addition, specific operating and performance testing as a prerequisite to final accepfance is a key element in assuring that a system is installed properly. 

In Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody, 422 U.S. 405, 95 S.Ct. 2362,45 L.Ed.2d 280 (1975), the Court, again without dissent, elaborated on Griggs. When an employment test select[s] applicants for hire or promotion in a racial pattern significantly different from the pool of applicants, the Court reiterated, the employer must demonstrate a manifest relationship between test and job. 422 U.S., at 425,95 S.Ct. 2362. Such a showing, the Court cautioned, does not necessarily mean the employer prevails [I] t remains open to the complaining party to show that other tests or selection devices, without a similarly undesirable racial effect, would also serve the employer s legitimate interest in efficient and trustworthy workmanship. Ibid. 

Criteria based on a combination of material testing, calculation of applied stresses and workmanship/inspection standards. These are intended to demonstrate that a sufficient margin exists between the calculated design state and the measured material response state. 

Where a connection or type of connection is particularly critical to the behaviour of the finished structure, compliance tests may be carried out on specially fabricated connections that will not form part of the completed structure. Care should be taken that the workmanship is representative of that in the completed structure. Testing of the units may be to a factored... 

Where possible, connections should be made under factory conditions. Where it is necessary to make connections on site, it may be necessary to test some, in accordance with 7.3, to check that they comply with the specified behaviour. This will be particularly important when the efficiency of the joint depends to a large extent on workmanship or where the ambient conditions are particularly unfavourable. 

There are a number of reasons why it may be necessary to test a complete structure or part of a structure. These include situations in which the design assumptions and the analysis methods used do not accurately represent the complete structure. In addition tests may be required when there are doubts about the materials or the workmanship. 

Workmanship and finish, (i) Equipment shall be free of physical irregularities that can adverseiy affect the insuiating properties of the equipment and that can be detected by the tests or inspections required under this section. 

Destructive physical analysis (DPA) examination tests, where two pieces of each lot of parts (as a minimum) were cut open and examined to determine the workmanship of the parts. If the workmanship was judged to be poor, the whole lot of parts were rejected (a lot of parts is defined as parts from one manufacturer from one assembly line and one date code). 

The systems engineer can also provide engineering management support during planning, construction, installation, and testing to help qualify and select contractors, resolve problems, explain design requirements, and assure quality workmanship by the contractors and the technical staff. 

Aside from designing a system, the systems engineer has to answer any questions and resolve problems that may arise during fabrication and installation of the hardware. Quality and workmanship of the installation must be monitored. The hardware and software will have to be tested and calibrated upon completion. This, too, is the concern of the systems engineer. During the production or fabrication phase, systems engineering is concerned with... 

Proof test— A nondestructive tension test performed by the sling manufacturer or an equivalent entity to verify construction and workmanship of a sling. 

Rain Penetration. The degree to which rain penetrates brickwork greatly affects the thermal insulation value and the resistance to frost damage. It depends on the integrity of the structure, the workmanship, as well as the porosity of the bricks and mortar. It is influenced by wind conditions and site exposure to driving rain. Test cabinets with water... 

The intent of the ANSI/ASME B31.8 code is to provide for the safety of the general public and to foster employee safety because safety is affected by basic design quality of materials and workmanship and requirements for testing, operation, and maintenance of gas transmission an( distribution facilities. The user of ANSI/ASME B31.8 is cautioned, however, that... 

The overall cost for commissioning should be less if the contractors are required to perform virtually aU of the start-up, verification, and testing activities. Further, knowing in advance they will be required to make everything operate per the design intent, and having been provided the contractual tools to do so, is likely to result in a significant improvement in the overall quahty of the submitted equipment, installation, and workmanship. 

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