Tension tests

ASTM D 1623 is used for tensUe and tensile adhesion voperties of rigid cellular plastics. The vocedure is essentially similar to that of ASTM D 3574 described above. Three types of specimens are used -Type A, where adequate material is avaUable, type B, where only smaller specimens are avaUable, as in sandwich panels, and Type C, which covers tensile adhesion properties of a cellular plastic to a substrate, as in a sandwich panel, or the bonding strength of a ceUular plastic to a single substrate. 

In Fig. 1.1b, a glass-like ceramic, which is usually amorphous, is also shown indicating the same Hookean behavior without plastic deformation, but at a much lower fracture stress than in a crystalline alumina, for example. 

Seshadri and Chia [43] claim that these values are quite comparable to similar test configurations used in sintered copper-steel specimens (i.e., about the same as in metallic specimens). 

As indicated, the inability to slip makes ceramics more difficult to deform. However, since ceramics behave like a Hookean body until fracture, the known stress-strain relations in elastic deformation can be applied. Assuming that the force, P, is acting normally on a small area, AA, of a ceramic test specimen  

Although ceramics are often not completely uniform in their structure (as mentioned above) and have various flaws, it is assumed that the stress is distributed uniformly over the cross-section of the test specimen and, thus, acts at a constant level, rewriting (1.3) as  

e is the average linear strain, which correlates the change in specimen dimension with its original length and which may be expressed as  

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Plots of the bursting pressures of the Ni—Cr—Mo cylinders (EN 25) vs k derived from equations 16 and 17 show that neither equation is in such good agreement with the experimental results as is the curve derived from Manning s theory. Similar conclusions have been reached for cylinders made of other materials which have been tested (16). Manning s analytical procedure may be programmed for computation and, although torsion tests are not as commonly specified as tension tests, they are not difficult or expensive to carry out (20). 

At high temperature, the behavior is different. A stmcture designed according to the principles employed for room temperature service continues to deform with time after load apphcation, even though the design data may have been based on tension tests at the temperature of interest. This deformation with time is called creep because the design stresses at which it was first recognized occurred at a relatively low rate. 

I. Kim and R. Weil, Tension Testing ofJCey Thin Electrodeposits, ia Ref. 47. 

Pipes and Cole [2-25] measured the interaction term F,2 in various off-axis tests for boron-epoxy. They reported significant variation of F,2 for off-axis tension tests and acceptable variation for off-axis compression tests. However, compression tests are much more difficult to perform than simple off-axis tension tests on a flat specimen with a high length-to-width ratio. A compression specimen with a high length-to-... 

In a uniaxial tension test to determine the elastic modulus of the composite material, E, the stress and strain states will be assumed to be macroscopically uniform in consonance with the basic presumption that the composite material is macroscopically Isotropic and homogene-ous. However, on a microscopic scSeTBotFTfhe sfre and strain states will be nonuniform. In the uniaxial tension test,... 

Zug-verformung, /. tensile deformation, -ver-such, m. tensile test, tension test, -wagen, m. tractor, -wirkung,/. pulling effect, pull, zuheilen, v.i. heal up,... 

Fig.4. The dependence of flow stress on deformation temperature in tension test (left) and in compression test (right) of the A12n78 alloy after heat treatment.

Couplings for grades J-55, K-55 and N-80 shall conform to the tensile requirements specified in Table 4-142. A tensile test shall be made on each heat of steel from which couplings are produced, and the coupling manufacturer shall maintain a record of such tests. This record shall be open to inspection by the purchaser. Either round specimens proportioned as specified in ASTME 8 Tension Testing of Metallic Materials, or strip specimens shall be used, at the option of the manufacturer. 

Fig. 8.92 Comparison of test results from bend and tension tests upon Al-Zn-Mg alloy in 3% NaCl plus 0.1% H2O2 (after Brenner and Gruhl )...

Whenever changes in mechanical properties, such as performance in tension tests, fatigue tests, and impact tests, are to be used as a measure of... 

Table VI summarizes the results of tension tests on tinplate irradiated at 6-7.5 Mrad. Radiation had no apparent effect on the tensile...

Fig. 7.1. Compact tension test-piece [77], W = 20 mm, B = 4 mm the crack (length a) was introduced by tapping with a razor blade after cooling of the polymer with liquid nitrogen, if necessary...

From the relation (45) and by measuring in a tension test the longitudinal modulus of the composite Ec we can evaluate the Ef-modulus. The values of the Ef-modulus, together with the other moduli, are tabulated in Table 2, and they are plotted in Fig. 16. 

The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of a material refers to the maximum nominal stress that can be sustained by it and corresponds to the maximum load in a tension test. It is given by the stress associated with the highest point in a nominal stress-nominal stress plot. The ultimate tensile strengths of a ductile and of a brittle material are schematically illustrated in Figure 1.11. In the case of the ductile material the nominal stress decreases after reaching its maximum value because of necking. For such materials the UTS defines the onset of plastic instability. 

Brazements included in a piping system that is subjected to a temperature 1,000°F (538°C) and greater shall require tests in addition to those of ASME BPV Code Section IX. These tests shall be considered a part of the qualification procedure for such design temperatures. Two tension tests on production type joints are required, one at the design temperature and one at 1.05T (where T is the design temperature in degrees Fahrenheit). Neither of these production-type joints shall fail in the braze metal. 

The tension test specimen from plate 12.7 mm (V2 in.) and thicker is machined from the core and does not include the cladding alloy therefore, the stress values listed are those for materials less than 12.7 mm (V2 in.). 

ISO 14129 1997 Fibre-reinforced plastic composites - Determination of the in-plane shear stress/shear strain response, including the in-plane shear modulus and strength, by the plus or minus 45 degree tension test method... 

Apart from the short beam shear test, which measures the interlaminar shear properties, many different specimen geometry and loading configurations are available in the literature for the translaminar or in-plane strength measurements. These include the losipescu shear test, the 45°]5 tensile test, the [10°] off-axis tensile test, the rail-shear tests, the cross-beam sandwich test and the thin-walled tube torsion test. Since the state of shear stress in the test areas of the specimens is seldom pure or uniform in most of these techniques, the results obtained are likely to be inconsistent. In addition to the above shear tests, the transverse tension test is another simple popular method to assess the bond quality of bulk composites. Some of these methods are more widely used than others due to their simplicity in specimen preparation and data reduction methodology. 

ASTM D2585 standard test method for preparation and tension testing of filament-... 

Uniaxial tension testing with superposed hydrostatic pressure has been described by Vernon (111) and Surland et al. (103). Such tests provide response and failure measurements in the triaxial compression or tension-compression-compression octants. 

The most important design feature of an agricultural growing medium is a balance of void volume and moisture content. The moisture tension test is the most... 

We have defined the properties faced by developers of new growing media. Based on these definitions, it is clear that reticulated foam would not be useful for such applications. Even at the finest pore size, virtually no water is retained during this test. If, however, we were to graft hydrophilic polyurethane onto a reticulated foam, the grafted polyurethane increases the amount of water retained in the moisture tension test. If an organic fiber such as peat moss is included in the hydrophilic polyurethane, the effect is even more pronounced. Applications in both hydroponic and soil planting are anticipated from this technology. 

Some possible modes of straining for laboratory test pieces are illustrated in Figure 18.1. With peel and direct tension tests, failure tends to occur in... 

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