Frost damages

A 2.54-cm Styrofoam plastic foam with thermal conductivity of ca 0.03 W/ (m-K) (0.21 (Btu-in.)/(ft-b°F)) is equivalent to 61 cm of gravel. Any synthetic foam having compressive strength sufficiently high and thermal conductivity sufficiently low is effective. However, the resistance of PS-type foams to water, frost damage, and microorganisms in the sod makes them especially desirable. An interesting and important appHcation of this concept was the use of Styrofoam in the constmction of the Alaska pipeline. In this case, the foam was used to protect the permafrost. 

Foams. Sulfur can be foamed into a lightweight insulation that compares favorably with many organic foams and other insulating materials used in constmction. It has been evaluated as thermal insulation for highways and other appHcations to prevent frost damage (63) (see Eoamed plastics Insulation, thermal). 

Jiir-entraining cements produce concretes that protect the concrete from frost damage. They are commonly used for concrete pavements subjected to wet and freezing conditions. Cement of low alkah content may be used with certain concrete aggregates containing reactive siUca to prevent deleterious expansions. 

Maize does best on fertile loam soils in the south-east of England. It is susceptible to frost damage and so needs to be planted late in the year, about mid-May. Its popularity is mainly because it is very high yielding and will make excellent high energy silage. Maize can make a useful break between cereals because it is not susceptible to the same diseases and pests. 

Spraying with dilute seaweed extract (seep.195) is very beneficial, especially in spring and early summer. Both trees and bushes will take up nutrients more effectively, receive a full range of trace elements, and have enhanced hardiness to frost damage if given regular seaweed sprays... 

Plums grow best in sunny conditions, sheltered from frost and high winds. The blossoms open early in spring, so avoid sites where frosty air collects. North-facing slopes are ideal because they warm up later and delay flowering for a few days, reducing the chance of frost damage. 

The recorded data on lignosulfonate water-reducing agents indicate that, as far as freeze-thaw durability is concerned, because of the low water-cement ratios possible, an enhancement to the durability will invariably be obtained. When the admixtures are used to effect a reduction in the cement content, there are strong indications that a considerable enhancement of durability is obtained, presumably due to a reduction in the cement matrix which is the part of the concrete susceptible to frost damage. The higher aggregate content would therefore allow easier dissipation of stresses. 

Lindow requested government permission to test genetically engineered bacteria to control frost damage to potatoes and strawberries. 

Develop temperature-tolerant plants that can survive in warmer or cooler climates. Frost damage causes more than 14 billion per year worldwide in crop losses. 

Hesperidin crystals are found in frost damaged oranges (8) where cells have been disrupted due to the formation of ice crystals. It occasionally precipitates out of concentrated orange juice products during storage and is often found as a... 

Under environmental conditions in the Stanislaus National Forest, in central California, which may or may not be comparable with those in the southern California mountains, long-term observations of seedling regeneration indicated ponderosa and sugar pines were favored by removal of the overstory, understory, and ground competition white fir was favored by a light overstory which prevented frost damage (18). In that study, incense cedar was selectively removed by cutworms (Noc-tuidae), which made it difficult to assess the comparative effect of the physical environment on survival. 

Severe winters with low extreme temperatures over long periods, without snow cover, can lead to catastrophic frost damage (winter frost dam-... 

Sites which trap cold air, because of woods, hollows, valleys, groups of buildings, railway embankments, etc., should be avoided. The nature of the terrain must therefore be taken into account, in order to decide whether the site under consideration lies in a cold air pocket. Wind is an important factor in this respect. Moderate air movement is beneficial cold air which is moving seldom leads to frost damage ... 

Anti-frost irrigation the heat of solidification of water is used to prevent frost damage (335 kj/litre of water). It is important to switch on at the right time, to make sure that the plants do not get too cold. 

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