Work observations

To maintain an effective safety program the employer must perform periodic safety work observations to ensure that (1) the employee indeed has the knowledge to perform the work task as trained and (2) is indeed performing the work task as trained. 

Management should conduct these work observations and document them on a form. The form should describe the employee s ability to perform the task correctly and what corrective action or retraining was needed. It is important that the management document these observations as a means of demonstrating to OSHA that they are monitoring the effectiveness of their safety program and ensuring anployee compliance to established safety requirements. This information should be iucluded with the personnel file or input into a computerized system. 

An easy way to develop this work observation checklist is to take each individual work task and subdivide it into its safety components. An example of this is as follows  

If the supervisor were to answer no to any of these questions based on observation of an employee s work, he or she would interview the employee to determine the root cause of the deviation and to take corrective action. For example, if eye protection was not worn, the supervisor would determine  

If the employee was trained on the use of proper eye protection. Did the employee have proper eye protection  

---

The earliest work on intramolecular PET involved studies of charge transfer (CT) absorption bands in D-L-A complexes [117], The authors of this work observed distinct intramolecular CT bands in linked D-L-A compounds, which consisted of a series of methyl- and methoxy-benzene derivatives as donors and the 4-cyano-pyridinium cation as the acceptor, separated by one or two methylene groups. 

Data are the major product of every investigation. Our interpretations, conceptual models, and recommendations may all be challenged by other investigators, or turn out to be wrong by our own subsequent work. Observations and measurement results, however, may always be incorporated in new models and coupled with additional observations. Hence, results are a most important part of a report or paper. 

Based partly on anecdotal evidence from culture work, observations in waste water treatment systems with very high particulate loads, the tendency of nitrifiers to grow in aggregates in bioreactor biofilms, and the prevalence of small particles in natural waters, it has been suggested that nitrification occurs mainly on particles and is mediated by particle-attached bacteria (Hagopian and Riley, 1998). Nitrifier sequences were found both associated with particles and in the bulk seawater phase in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. In the clone library of 16S rRNA sequences, Nitrosomonas-like sequences were preferentially associated with particles and Nitrosospira-]ike sequences dominated in clones from the planktonic phase (PhiUips et al, 1999). This may indicate niche preference by the different groups on the basis of attachment to particles, substrate concentration or other physical/... 

Rajagopalan et al. (1980) referring to Kurtanjek (1980) s work observed sustained oscillations of the reaction rate during the oxidation of hydrogen on a palladium wire. The temperature of the catalyst was maintained constant. It was concluded that the reaction rate oscillations observed during H2 oxidation over metal catalysts were associated with a transition between oxidized and reduced catalyst surface states as previously suggested by Kurtanjek (1980), see Section E.ll. Rajagopalan (1981) studied H2 oxidation, see Section E.l. 

Of all the communities adversely affected by hazardous cotton pesticides, a substantial proportion are located in India home to more cotton farmers than any other country in the world. Indian cotton production is heavily associated with the intensive use of hazardous pesticides, and is responsible for over half of aU agricultural pesticides applied nationally. Within this figure Indian cotton is associated with some of the most hazardous pesticides used anywhere on earth Characterized by a near total lack of safety measures, low quality equipment, and with protective clothing often unavailable or prohibitively expensive, Indian cotton production represents a highly unsafe environment within which to work Observational studies reveal a heavy toU exerted on the health of those who work with cotton pesticides and chemical analysis has revealed traces of pesticide residues in blood samples taken from Indian cotton labourers. Cotton undoubtedly represents one of India s most important economic, nutritive and cultural commodities, but its conventional cultivation has become deeply problematic, both for those who grow it and because of the external costs of its impact on health and the environment . ... 

Safe Work Observations—looking at selected work practices on a regular basis and providing feedback on the safe and potentially unsafe acts observed. 

In this analysis, we observed one of the sectors of Tokyo Area Control Centre (TACC). The target sector has various types of traffic such as climbing after taking off, descending for landing, over-flight, etc., which are characteristic tasks of this sector. Therefore, we could analyze the mutual communication and TSA between the radar controller and the coordinator based on actual observations. We categorized how these mental processes are formed, shared, and modified in actual team cooperative activities based on observations and post-experiment interviews. We describe below an example of task flow and team cooperative work observed. 

Remove Pressure When Not Needed Avoid unnecessary pressures and reduce pressure for certain activities. During setup, maintenance, cleaning, and other operations, deenergize and depressurize equipment before starting the work. Observe lockout and tagout procedures when servicing pressurized equipment. 

In addition, workers need periodic reinforcement on performing work safely. Some workers develop bad habits that may lead to accidents or leave hazards present for others. In some cases work observation and feedback with discussion may correct unsafe practices. 

The roles and pseudonyms of the project participants active in the forthcoming account are summarised in Table 1. Note that the following account concentrates on observations of the work of the main structural engineer assigned to this project within the Arup office, Adam. Unless otherwise stated all observations are of him operating at his desk within the working area of the office s Structures Team . For the duration of the work observed, the researcher occupied the desk next to Adam s in this office space. 

It is vital that some form of feedback and follow up on the reported near miss incidents is given. Generally, a monthly list of all the items reported is circulated to all via the intranet or posted on the notice boards, or featured in the newsletter. Employees want to see what they have reported in writing and want to see some form of action being taken on their report. In most instances, the reports will be of high risk acts or high risk conditions and safe work observations and few may be true near miss incidents. 

The recovery of the cellulose surfaces between consecutive force measurements was found to require at least five minutes. This is related to the previous publications (77,78) that reported on the effect of the approach speed and relaxation of the cellulose chains, as well as hydrodynamic effects involved. The slow recovery of the cellulose beads between force runs may also explain why we in this work observed adhesion between cellulose surfaces at pH 10 in contrast to previous observations (77). 

Allard, S., K. J. Levine, and C. Tenopir. 2009. Design engineers and technical professionals at work Observing information usage in the workplace. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and... 

More importantly, imagine the effect of the contorted and stressful actions on the bodies and limbs of flight attendants. A goal of Lean Safety is to keep an individual s body parts in a neutral position while working. Observing this work task with an eye for improvement would provide a lengthy list of opportunities for improvement. 

Seccarom (1999b) Seccaroni, C. Some Rarely Documented Pigments. Hyrpothesis and Working Observations on Analyses Made on Three Temperas by Correggio Kermes 34 (1999) 41 59... 

Four techniques will be discussed to help with these problems. They are Job Safety Analysis, Job Safety Training, Knowledge Reviews, and Work Observations. 

Safety knowledge reviews and work observations should be routinely performed by the supervisor to measure the effectiveness of the company s safety program, training, PPE, compliance etc. At a minimum, the work observation form should include the employee s name, job title, year/date, supervisor name, work task(subject observed), OK/deviation, comments, and corrective action. This documentation should be maintained in the employee personnel file or a computerized file designed for this purpose. This information will be helpful in evaluating the company s accident prevention plan and will be used during an OSHA audit to document the company s safety training requirements. 

Knowing the hazards of a job is very important. Chapter 3 on Job Safety Programs will aid in addressing job (workers ) safety. The chapter will explain job safety analysis (JSA) procedures to help make tasks safer for the workers. The chapter will also focus in on work-specific safety training and work observations and will touch on the subject of record keeping. 

---