Wheat straw, effect

With the extraction procedure we employed (22), ferulic acid was isolated as the most inhibitory component in wheat straw. There could also be other unknown compounds in the straw which would not be evident with this procedure. In addition, we ignored the possible influence of toxin-producing microorganisms. Microorganisms may have influenced the phytotoxicity exhibited by the aqueous wheat extract in Table IX. Although the present study was not concerned with the phytotoxic effects of microbially decomposed wheat straw, an influence of microbial activity on ferulic acid phytotoxicity was observed. From the results shown in Table XI, it appears that the presence of the prickly sida seed carpel enhanced the inhibitory effects of ferulic acid. In addition to ferulic acid in test solutions containing prickly sida seeds with carpels, a second compound, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy styrene, was also found to be present. This compound is formed by the decarboxylation of ferulic acid and was produced by a bacterium present on the carpel of prickly sida seed. The decarboxylation of ferulic acid was detected in aqueous solutions of ferulic acid inoculated with the bacterium isolated from the carpels of prickly sida seed. No conversion occurred when the bacterium was not present. 

Robinson T, Chandran B, Nigam P (2002) Effect of pre-treatments of three waste residues, wheat straw, corncobs and barley husks on dye adsorption. Bioresour Technol 85 119-124... 

Yakle GA, Cruse RM (1984) Effects of fresh and decomposing com plant residue extracts on com seedling development. Soil Sci Soc Am J 48 1143-1146 Young CC, Zhu Thoume LR, Waller GR (1989) Phytotoxic potential of soils and wheat straw in rice rotation cropping systems of subtropical Taiwan. Plant Soil 120 95-101 Yu JQ (2001) Autotoxic potential of cucurbit crops phenomenon, chemicals, mechanisms and means to overcome. J Crop Prod 4 335-348... 

Wheat straw. Wheat straw ground to 20 mesh was treated with 2% NaOH solution (wt/vol) in 1 2 (solidiliquid) ratio at 121 C for 0.5 h (i.e., 4 g NaOH/100 g wheat straw). Trichoderma reesei QMY-1 was grown on pretreated wheat straw in SSF as well as in LSF under otherwise identical culture conditions. The SSF was carried out with full nutrient concentrations in one set and with one-half nutrient concentrations in the other set to evaluate the possible deleterious effects of elevated osmotic pressure. T reesei QMY-1 produced FP cellulase of 8.6 lU/ml (430 lU/g cellulose or 172 lU/g substrate) in 22 days. This showed that the organism was able to tolerate the high salt concentrations required in the SSF. In contrast, when the nutrients were supplied in one-half concentration, FP cellulase activity dropped to 6.7 lU/ml (335 lU/g cellulose or 134 lU/g substrate). However, the maximum enzyme activity was obtained one week earlier (14 days) than that obtained with full salt concentrations (Table I). 

Table II. The effect of a-arabinosidase on the hydrolysis of wheat straw arabinoxylan. Substrate concentration 10 gl-1, initial pH 4, temperature 45° C, hydrolysis time 24 h...

However, oral administration of these polysaccharides had no effect. Hemi-celluloses from different higher plants caused regression of solid Sarkoma 180 in mice but not of ascites tumor. Arabinoglucuronoxylan isolated from wheat-straw hemicellulose was completely devoid of activity, whereas arabinoglucoxylan was highly active (Nakahara 31)). 

Following treatment of barley straw with 5% NaOH, Israel-sen, t al. (56) observed a decrease in NDF of 14.6 percentage units, while Braman and Abe (57) found the ADF fraction of wheat straw decreased by 5.7 units following NaOH treatment. Rexen (58) showed a substantial decrease in ADF of barley straw following NaOH treatment, but no effect of NaOH on rice straw. Itoh, et al. (59) observed significant decreases in NDF of ammoniated... 

Dao, T.H. (1991). Field decay of wheat straw and its effects on metribuzin and 5-ethyl metribuzin sorption and elution from crop residues. J. Environ. Qual., 20 203-208. 

The experimental data presented herein are the result of exploratory research aimed at bracketing the necessary moisture and inoculum loads for effective pilot-scale distributed upgrading of wheat straw stems for production of straw-thermoplastic composites (4,15). An exploratory approach was chosen for these tests because full-scale outdoor systems having few environmental controls would be difficult if not impossible to closely control. Both temperature and moisture levels vary owing to variations in heat,... 

Martin, J. P. and Haider, K., 1979. Effect of concentration on decomposition of some 14C-labeled phenolic compounds, benzoic acid, glucose, cellulose, wheat straw, and Chlorella protein in soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 43, 917-920... 

The behaviour of straw ash was studied further in a bench-scale atmospheric-pressure fluidised-bed reactor (AFB). This study completed the test series reported in [8], The Danish wheat straw -95 (Tables 1 and 2) was used as the hiel in the 7 set points AFB/B24-31 (Tables S and 6). In these test series, the effect of bed material mixtures, a different limestone grade, freeboard cooling and hiel additives were tested. A selection of Danish wheat straws was also tested (set points 98/1 - 98/5, Table 7). Each test was carried out in one day. 

The tests at ETC were carried out to effect the agglomeration of the bed. The initial agglomeration temperature was determined by principal component analysis of small variations in the measured bed temperatures and differential pressures that preceded the defluidisation. The agglomeration temperature with the wheat straw fuel was quite low, 7390c 12... 

Despite the variety of sources, all lignocellulosic material is composed primarily of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin [22], Agricultural wastes such as bagasse, com stover and wheat straw are thus a relatively cheap source of these three biopolymers. The major challenge to using lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock is the development of cost-effective methods to separate, refine and transform it into chemicals and fuels [20],... 

Biomass material (woodchips or wheat straw) is placed in a high-pressure stainless steel tube and exposed to steam under pressures ranging from 250-650 psi at 200 to 240°C for up to 20 min. The sudden pressure release causes an explosion of biomass material thereby disrupting the lignin and hemicellulose bonding toward cellulose. Many investigators (see [29] for review) have studied the steam explosion of biomass materials. The addition of SO2 enhances the pretreatment effect and also increases the recovery of hemicellulose [34-36]. A refinement of this pretreatment method has recently been reported by Stenberg et al. [37]. 

E Billa, M-T Tollier, B Monties. Characterization of the monomeric composition of in situ wheat straw lignins by alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation Effect of temperature and reaction time. J Sci FoodAgric 72 250-256, 1996. 

TABLE 10.3 Effect of short and long fiber (wheat straw) on the coefficient of expansion-contraction of a polypropylene-based composite in the —40 to +25°C temperature range [3]... 

Conversely, there are many low nitrogen forages which do not respond to nitrogen supplementation. Under experimental conditions similar to those of Campling et al. (10) supplemental urea had no effect on the digestion ceilings or intake of wheat straw (0.64% N) or oat straw (0.52% N) fed to sheep and steers, respectively (28). 

Figure 3 illustrates the effect of chemical processing by a method previously developed (46) on the in vitro digestibility of wheat straw. The lower curve shows the digestion level for the untreated wheat straw after a 48 hour fermentation period. The upper curve demonstrates how treatment of the wheat straw with 6% alkali has increased the DE (rep-... 

Figure 3. Effect of NaOH treatment on the digestion ceilings of wheat straw...

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