Biomass materials

The majority of these operations use boiler technology, which involves the direct combustion of biomass materials... 

Biomass materials depend on local conditions. In tropical areas, sug-... 

Pyrolysis and liquefaction processes take an intermediate position in the sense that they maintain some larger molecular characteristics. Pyrolysis is a process in which the biomass material is quickly heated. The thermal cracking process, de-polymerizes waste or dry biomass and produces a liquid of complex composition (Fig. 1.17). 

Table 1.14 List of some biomass material used for hydrogen produetion...

Demirbas, A. 1999. Evaluation of biomass materials as energy sources upgrading of tea waste by briquetting proeess. Energy Sourees 21 215-220. 

Production of motor fnel alternatives from biomass materials is an important application area of biotechnological methods. Table 4.4 shows the potential and available motor fnels. Biorenewable motor fnel alternatives are ... 

Biohydrogen can comprehensively be described as hydrogen, which is produced chemically, thermochemically, biologically, biochemically, and biophotolytically from all biomass materials. 

While this reaction is substantially exothermic (6), it provides an intriguing approach to the production of fuels from renewable resources, as the required acids (including acetic acid, butyric acid, and a variety of other simple aliphatic carboxylic acids) can be produced in abundant yields by the enzymatic fermentation of simple sugars which are, in turn, available from the microbiological hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass materials ( ] ) These considerations have led us to suggest the concept of a "tandem" photoelectrolysis system, in which a solar photoelectrolysis device for the production of fuels via the photo-Kolbe reaction might derive its acid-rich aqueous feedstock from a biomass conversion plant for the hydrolysis and fermentation of crop wastes or other cellulosic materials (4). 

Because the Evening Primrose is a biannual, the stem shoots up only in the second year of growth. In the first year, a taproot is put down. In the second year a sprout shoots up. Producing a biomass material only every other year is a definite drawback to its use as a biofuel however, the density of its xylem material is significantly greater than that of the other candidate plants, actually giving the evening primrose a competitive output. 

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