Wheat extracts

The wheat extract is acidified with 0.50 mL of HOAc and loaded on to a Cig SPE cartridge (1 -g/6-mL). The cartridge is washed with 5 mL of 0.1 % HOAc. The cartridge is then eluted with 5 mL of ACN-0.1% HOAc (3 1, v/v) into a test-tube. The eluate is diluted to 10 mL with 0.1% HOAc. The resultant solution is loaded on to a PSA SPE cartridge. The PSA cartridge is washed with 5mL of 0.1% HOAc. The PSA cartridge is eluted with 5 mL of 0.5 M NH4OH into a test-tube. Just before analysis, the sample is acidified with 0.15 mL of HOAc. 

Table IX. Effect of Light on Morningglory and Ragweed Germination with Aqueous Wheat Extract...

With the extraction procedure we employed (22), ferulic acid was isolated as the most inhibitory component in wheat straw. There could also be other unknown compounds in the straw which would not be evident with this procedure. In addition, we ignored the possible influence of toxin-producing microorganisms. Microorganisms may have influenced the phytotoxicity exhibited by the aqueous wheat extract in Table IX. Although the present study was not concerned with the phytotoxic effects of microbially decomposed wheat straw, an influence of microbial activity on ferulic acid phytotoxicity was observed. From the results shown in Table XI, it appears that the presence of the prickly sida seed carpel enhanced the inhibitory effects of ferulic acid. In addition to ferulic acid in test solutions containing prickly sida seeds with carpels, a second compound, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy styrene, was also found to be present. This compound is formed by the decarboxylation of ferulic acid and was produced by a bacterium present on the carpel of prickly sida seed. The decarboxylation of ferulic acid was detected in aqueous solutions of ferulic acid inoculated with the bacterium isolated from the carpels of prickly sida seed. No conversion occurred when the bacterium was not present. 

Fig. 12 Chromatograms of a pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) wheat extract (5 g sample spiked with 100 ng g-1 of ZON and a-ZOL) (a) without and (b) with clean-up on the MIP. (c) Chromatograms resulting from clean-up on NIP [50]...

Fig. 29.5. Typical amperogram recorded for durum wheat extract at 2 and 4mg/kg using the hand-held potentiostat. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [47].

The method was calibrated both in buffer and durum wheat extract. The LODs in durum wheat samples were 0.45 mg/kg for the wild-type AChE and 0.07 mg/kg for rAChE. These characteristics allowed the detection of contaminated samples at the legal MRL, which is 2 mg/kg [4]. Moreover, fortified samples of durum wheat were obtained with both dichlorvos and the commercial product Didivane, which contains dichlorvos as active molecule. At all the tested levels, the occurrence of contaminant was detected with an average recovery of 75%. The total assay time, including the extraction step, was 30 min. Because several extractions as well as most of the assay steps can be run simultaneously, the throughput for one operator is 12 determinations per hour. In Table 29.1, we summarize the results obtained for the fortified samples. 

The method was calibrated both in buffer solution and in durum wheat extract. The intra-electrode RSD (%) ranged between 1.6 and 15.0, whereas the inter-electrode RSD (%) was comprised between 4.6 and 15. The LOD was 38ng/mL, and the 750% was 360 ng/mL. The assay conditions were then re-optimized to work with durum wheat extracts and calibrations were obtained under different experimental conditions such as sample pretreatment (milled or whole grains) and extract concentration (2% or 4%). The calibrations were slightly affected by the sample matrix resulting in an increased LOD (65-133 ng/mL) and 150% (640-1650 ng/mL). The LOD referred to the sample, determined using the best operational condition, was 3 mg/kg. 

Fig. 29.8. Differential pulse voltammograms obtained for the samples assayed (one representative voltammogram for each of the spiked levels, from 0.5 to 15 pg/kg). Competition blank signal is relative to OTA level = 0, blank signal is OTA-free wheat extract with no OTA-AP conjugate used in the assay. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [75].

Calibrations in buffer and in wheat extract were obtained using eeAChE (Fig. 42.1) and rAChE in the 10-1000 ng/ml and 0.01-2.00 ng/ml range, respectively. 

Key Words Cell-free protein synthesis pure embryo isolation wheat extract preparation transcription and translation reactions. 

The aroma extract dilution analysis of concentrates prepared from the crusts of wheat and rye breads revealed fourty-three odorants in rye and thirty-two in wheat extracts (37). 

Yu, L. Haley, S. Perret, J. Harris, M. 2002. Antioxidant properties of hard winter wheat extracts. Food Chem. 78 457-461. 

Endo and co-workers at Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan, have led the development of the most promising eukaryotic cell-free system to date, based on wheat embryos. A significant advance made by this group was the development of pEU expression vectors that have overcome many of the difficulties associated with mRNA synthesis for translation in a eukaryotic system [8]. In addition to extensive optimization of reaction conditions that have seen improvements in protein synthesis rates, Endo and colleagues have improved wheat extract embryo preparation protocols to enhance the stability of these systems to a remarkable extent [9]. When coupled with the dialysis mode of reaction, Endo et al. were able to maintain translational activity in a coupled transcription/ translation wheat embryo reaction for 150 hours, producing 5 mg of enzymatically active protein per mb reaction mixture [10]. This again represents a serious alternative to in vivo methods of large-scale protein production. 

Add crushed crystal malt to 160° water and steep at 150° water for 30 minutes. Sparge. Add liquid to 5 gallons boiling water. Add 1 ounce of Cascade hops and diy wheat extract. Boil for 40 minutes and Vz ounce of Cascade hops. Boil for 19 minutes and add Vz ounce of Cascade hops. Boil for 1 minute and turn offbeat. Cool to 70° and transfer to a primary fermenter. Pitch yeast. Ferment for 1 week at 60°. Rack to a secondary fermenter and ferment for 2 weeks at 40°. Prime with 5 ounces com sugar boiled in 2 cups of water. Bottle. 

Sandstrom B, Arvidsson B, Cederbiad A and Bjorn-Rasmussen E (1980) Zinc absorption from composite meal. I. The significance of wheat extraction rate, zinc, calcium and protein content in meals based on bread. Am J Clin Nutr 33 739-745. 

Wheat extract. See Wheat (Triticum vulgare) extract... 

Wheat (Triticum vulgare) extract CAS 84012-44-2 EINECS/ELINCS 281-689-7 Synonyms Triticum aestivum extract Triticum vulgare Triticum vulgare extract Wheat extract... 

Figure 1 ESR spin-trapping technique using DMPO as the spin trapping agent (A) to detect hydroxyl radicals generated by Fenton reaction and to examine scavenging activity of (B) cinnamon extract and (C) whole grain soft wheat extract. ...

The trichothecene mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin), nivalenol and fusar-enon-X (Figure 7.2) have been measured in wheat extracts using HPLC with postcolumn photolysis (Hg vapour lamp, 2.3-3 min residence time) and ED (parallel GCEs, -I-1.10 V and -1-0.85 V vs Ag/AgCl). An ODS-modified silica analytical colunm was used with methanol-aq. sodium chloride (50 nrniol L ) (15 -I- 85) as eluent. LoDs were 1-2 ng on-column. 

Pronase-sensitive antigen in wheat extract Wheat extract... 

The solubilised oat and wheat lipases have been fractionated by ion-exchange chromatography in the presence of detergent. Two distinct lipase peaks were separated in the case of wheat extracts, both of which also contained esterase activity. Further work to characterise and purify these peaks is being undertaken. 

Irmak S, Dunford NT, Milhgan J. 2005. Policosanol Contents of Beeswax, Sugar Cane and Wheat Extracts. Food Chemistry 95 312-318. 

Helmja K, Vaher M, Kaljurand M. Evaluation of the free radical scavenging capability of wheat extracts by capillary electrophoresis and multivariate curve resolution. Electrophoresis 2011 32 1094-100. 

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