Steam explosion

Steam Active Reforming Steam-blowing process Steam ejectors Steam explosion Steam gasification Steam generator... 

Overpressure, overtemperature, hydrogen explosion, steam explosion, and core melt through are mechanisms that may fail the containment of nuclear and chemical reactors,... 

These properties can be partly produced by fiber disgestion (steam explosion, steam pressure, thaw roasting process, water roasting process [8,9]), as well as by a direct application to the fiber. 

Steam is often used to melt frozen MDI and PTMEG. The steam generators and associated controls must be maintained according to the local regulations to prevent major problems, including a possible explosion. Steam... 

Steam Explosion. Steam-explosion lignins are obtained from wood (or some other plant material) that has been subjected briefly to high temperatures and pressures followed by rapid decompression 43). This process is used to a limited extent today particularly for the processing of low-quality hardwoods. The lignins recovered are of relatively low molecular weight (Mn 700) and soluble in either alkali or certain organic solvents 42,43). 

Bade round the youth explosive STEAM aspire In gathering clouds, and wing d the wave with fire ... 

The thermal cycling of adsorbents can cause damage to the internal pure nod/or crystal strocture dna to the constant expansion and contraction. The additions factor of hydrotheimal cycling in the presence of water adds the potential for explosive steam releuse which can physically deteriorate some adsorbents. 

Steam Explosion Steam explosion was conducted in a two-cubic foot batch digester equipped with steam injection and ball valves providing for rapid decompression. Approximately 2 kg of yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) wood chips were loaded batchwise into the vertical reaction vessel and treated with live steam (232 C) for 2.5 minutes. Using the method of Overend and Chomet (34), these conditions corresponded to a severity of log R 4.3. Following decompression, the exploded fibrous mulch was collected from a cyclone steam separator. 

Some tests were performed in Italy at the end of the 1960s to verify the calculations and effectiveness of the scheme. The case studied was a little different from that caused by an explosive steam explosions in that the rupture of a pressurized vessel was induced... 

All these reactions are highly exothermic, not limited by equilibrium, and potentially explosive. In order to eliminate or reduce the potential for explosion, steam is fed to the reactor to dilute the feed and provide thermal ballast to absorb the heat of reaction and make control easier. In some processes, enou steam (or other inert stream) is added to move the reaction mixture out of the flammability limits, thus eliminating the potential for explosion. The steam (or other inert stream) is considered a feed to the process, must be separated, and leaves as a product, by-product, or waste stream... 

Like steam injection, in-situ combustion is a thermal process designed to reduce oil viscosity and hence improve flow performance. Combustion of the lighter fractions of the oil in the reservoir is sustained by continuous air injection. Though there have been some economic successes claimed using this method, it has not been widely employed. Under the right conditions, combustion can be initiated spontaneously by injecting air into an oil reservoir. However a number of projects have also experienced explosions in surface compressors and injection wells. 

It is a gas at room temperature with a boiling point of 128 K. It is a strong oxidising agent, some reactions occurring with explosive violence. Water hydrolyses it slowly at room temperature, but the reaction evolving oxygen is rapid in the presence of a base, and explosive with steam ... 

Fit up a 1 -litre round-bottomed flask for steam distillation (Fig. II, 40,1) and place in it 22 g. of iodosobenzene (Section IV.25) made into a thin paste with water (1). Steam distil until almost all the iodobenzene has been removed (about 9 g.) cool the residue in the flask at once, filter the white solid with suction and dry in the air. Wash it with a little chloroform, filter with suction, and dry in the air upon filter paper. The yield is 10-5 g. It may be recrystallised from 800-900 ml. of water, lodoxybenzene melts with explosive decomposition at 237°,... 

The removal of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from air is most often accompHshed by TSA. Air streams needing treatment can be found in most chemical and manufacturing plants, especially those using solvents. At concentrations from 500 to 15,000 ppm, recovery of the VOC from steam used to regenerate activated carbon adsorbent thermally is economically justified. Concentrations above 15,000 ppm ate typically in the explosive range and... 

A.m blent Environment. The environment around the flow conduit must be considered in meter selection. Such factors as the ambient temperature and humidity, the pipe shock and vibration levels, the avadabiHty of electric power, and the corrosive and explosive characteristics of the environment may all influence flow meter selection. Special factors such as possible accidental flooding, the need for hosedown or steam cleaning, and the possibiHty of lightning or power transients may also need to be evaluated. 

Propellant. The catalytic decomposition of 70% hydrogen peroxide or greater proceeds rapidly and with sufficient heat release that the products are oxygen and steam (see eq. 5). The thmst developed from this reaction can be used to propel torpedoes and other small missiles (see Explosives and propellants). An even greater amount of energy is developed if the hydrogen peroxide or its decomposition products are used as an oxidant with a variety of fuels. 

Allowing DRI to become wet does not necessatily cause it to overheat. When large pdes of DRI are wetted with rain, the corrosion reactions are limited to the outer surface area of the pde and the resultant heat from the corrosion reactions is dissipated into the atmosphere. However, if water penetrates into the pde from the bottom, or if wet DRI is covered with dry DRI, the heat from corrosion reactions can budd up inside the pde to the point where rapid reoxidation begins. Corrosion occurs significantly faster with salt water than with fresh water. DRI saturated with water can cause steam explosions if it is batch charged into an electric arc furnace. 

Pitch. Pitch used to be stored in solid form at the tar distillery in open bays, from which it was removed by small explosive charges. Loading of the lump pitch by mechanical shovel created a dust ha2ard both at the tar installation and at the customer s, where the lumps had to be ground before use. In the 1990s, pitch is stored in tanks heated by superheated steam or circulating hot-oil coils and transported in fiquid form in insulated rad, road tankers, or ships. When transport as a hot fiquid is not feasible, not acceptable by the customer, or for small amounts, the pitch is converted into a dust-free particulate form, ie, short rods termed pencils, pastilles, or flakes. 

Hydroxylamine sulfate is produced by direct hydrogen reduction of nitric oxide over platinum catalyst in the presence of sulfuric acid. Only 0.9 kg ammonium sulfate is produced per kilogram of caprolactam, but at the expense of hydrogen consumption (11). A concentrated nitric oxide stream is obtained by catalytic oxidation of ammonia with oxygen. Steam is used as a diluent in order to avoid operating within the explosive limits for the system. The oxidation is followed by condensation of the steam. The net reaction is... 

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