Barley straw

A ready reckoner for the amount of N, P and K removed by certain representative crops is shown in Table 5.2. The requirement for P and K may be expressed in terms of the element rather than the oxide (P205 or K20). P205 contains 0.43 units of P K20 contains 0.83 units of K. The depletion of N, P and K from the grain of wheat, barley and oats is pro rata for yield, but the nutrient composition of the straw is different, oat straw containing very much more potassium than wheat or barley straw. Potatoes and kale are very much more exhaustive of N and K than the cereal crops. 

Barley is an important crop, with the best quality grains sold for malting and the remainder used for feeding all classes of stock, especially pigs, dairy cows and intensively fed beef. Barley straw can be used for bedding and as a maintenance ration. Barley is a shallow-rooted crop which grows well on chalk and limestone soils, with a preferred pH of 6.5. Its place in the rotation can be when soil fertility is low, which means that it can follow a previous cereal crop such as wheat. 

Also, a Spanish company (Abengoa Bioenergy) has developed a process for the conversion of ligno-cellulosic biomass to ethanol based on SSF. A demonstration plant on the basis of wheat and barley straw has been operating in Salamanca since 2006, with an annual production capacity of five million litres of ethanol (Abengoa, 2006). 

Clearing algae These barley straw pads, available in garden and aquatic centers, are rapidly colonized by beneficial bacteria that naturally eliminate algae. 

Fuel properties 50% bark pellets/50% wood chips 60% bark pellets/40% wood chips 50% wheat pellets/50% barley straw pellets... 

The presence of feruloyl and p-coumaroyl acids linked via L-arabinose residues has been verified in several studies of xylan (6-8). The amounts of these components, however, are rather small. Every 15th arabinose unit in barley straw arabinoxylan is estimated to be esterified with ferulic acid, and every 31st with p-coumaric acid (7). These hydroxycinnamic acids are bound to C-5 of the arabinose residue (7, 8). It has been suggested that oxidative dimerization of ferulic acid residues crosslinks the arabinoxylan chains and renders them insoluble as a result of the diferuloyl bridges (9). 

Several commercial products for cyanobacteria control have been developed from decomposing barley straw constituents. Schrader recently tested two of these commercial products in the laboratory for their effect on the growth of P. peromata and found that neither commercial product was effective in inhibiting the growth of P. peromata, even at test concentrations greater than 100 times the label-recommended application rates. Commercial products containing SCP have also been developed recently and approved by the USEPA for use in aquaculture. However, recent efficacy... 

Welch IM, Barrett PRF, Gibson MT, Ridge I, Barley straw as an inhibitor of algal growth. I. Studies in the Chesterfield canA, JAppl Phycol 2 231-239, 1990. 

Newman JR, Barrett PRF, Control of Microcystis aeruginosa by decomposing barley straw, JAquat Plant Manage 31 203—206, 1993. 

Barrett PRF, Field and laboratory experiments on the effects of barley straw on algae. Proceedings, BCPC Monograph 59, Comparing field and glasshouse pesticide performance II, 191—200, 1994. 

Wills GD, Tucker CS, Jones EJ, Effect of barley straw for the control of off-flavor in pond-raised catfish, Proc Southern WeedSci Soc 52 227—230, 1999. 

In related studies, marked inhibitory pseudomonads that were placed on winter Wheat and barley straw in the laboratory and in the field colonized the straw, especially the barley straw, to the virtual exclusion of the resident bacterial population when incubated at 5°C. The laboratory study showed that high numbers of the introduced organisms persisted throughout a 35-day study (31). 

Boon, J. J., 1989, An introduction to pyrolysis mass spectroscopy of lignocellulosic material case studis of barley straw, com stem and Agropyron, in Physico-chemical Characterisation of Plant Residues for Industrial and Feed Use, A. Chesson, and E. R. 0rskov, eds., Elsevier Applied Science London, pp. 25-49. 

Sun RC, Sun XF, Zhang SH. 2001. Quantitative determination of hydroxycinnamic acids in wheat, rice, rye, and barley straws, maize stems, oil palm frond liber, and fast-growing poplar wood. J Agric Food Chem 49 5122-5129. 

Following treatment of barley straw with 5% NaOH, Israel-sen, t al. (56) observed a decrease in NDF of 14.6 percentage units, while Braman and Abe (57) found the ADF fraction of wheat straw decreased by 5.7 units following NaOH treatment. Rexen (58) showed a substantial decrease in ADF of barley straw following NaOH treatment, but no effect of NaOH on rice straw. Itoh, et al. (59) observed significant decreases in NDF of ammoniated... 

Ashing treatment Barley glumes Barley straw Lucerne pasture I... 

Mani S, Tabil LG, Sokhansanj S. Grinding performance and physical properties of wheat and barley straws, corn stover and switchgrass. Biomass Bioenergy. 2004 27 339-52. 

Properties From Barley Straw From Paper Birch... 

Xylan from wood has received somewhat less attention from carbohydrate chemists than has the xylan from such rich sources as wheat straw, corn cobs, and esparto grass. However, specific optical rotations of the xylans obtained from the aforementioned sources are of the same general order of magnitude as those of some xylans obtained from wood. Yundt crystallized xylans from paper birch and from barley straw as sphero-crystals, and compared their properties (see Table VII). 

Mueller T., Jensen L., Nielsen E., and Magid J. (1998) Turnover of carbon and nitrogen in a sandy loam soil following incorporation of chopped maize plants, barley straw and blue grass in the field. Soil Biol. Biochem. 30, 561-571. 

Andren O. and Paustian K. (1987) Barley straw decomposition in the field A comparison of models. Ecology (Tempe) 68(5), 1190-1200. 

Moilanen and his co-workersalso obtain increasing reactivity profiles with conversion, except for peat. They expect such increasing reactivity because of pore development structure, enhanced by the catalytic effect of the ash, since the ratio catalyst/carbon increases with char conversion. Stoltze et al. obtain similar profiles with barley straw. Rensfelt et al. find as well increasing reactivity with conversion, and a characteristic shape of the reactivity profile for each fuel, having each fuel the same curve independent of temperature. However, for washed barley chars, Sorensen et al. find a decreasing reactivity as a function of conversion. 

Hansen, L.K., Rathmann, 0., Olsen, A. Poulsen, K.(1997). Steam gasification of wheat straw, barley straw, willow and giganteus, Ris0 National Laboratory, Optics and Fluid Dynamics Department, Project No. ENS-1323/95-0010... 

Illerup, J.B. Rathmann, 0.(1995),C02 gasification of Wheat straw, barley straw, willow and giganteous, Department of Combustion Research, R1S0 National Laboratory, 12th December. 

Hansen, L.K., Rathmann, 0., Olsen, A. Poulsen, K. (1997). Steam gasification of wheat straw, barley straw, willow and giganteus, Risp National Laboratory, Optics and Fluid Dynamics Department, Project No. ENS-1323/95-0010. Cerfontain, M,B Meijer, R., Kapteijn, F, Moutijn, J.A.(1987). Alkali-catalyzed carbon gasification in CO/CO2 mixtures An extended model for the oxygen exchange and gasification reaction, Journal of Catalysis, vol. 107, pp, 173-180. 

Huuselaveistola, E., Kurppa, S. and Pihlava, J.M. (1994) Effects of fenvalerate and permefhrin on soil arthropods and on residues in and decomposition of barley straw. Agricultural Science in Finland, 3, 213-223. 

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