Previous Development

In late 1800s Rayleigh investigated the hydrodynamic stability of a liquid jet under electrical field, he showed that if the electrostatic 

Ultrafine fibers or fibrous structures of different polymers with diameters down to submicrons or nanometers can be easily fabricated with electrospinning process. To the mid-1990s, and after the 1990s, this method was investigated intensively. 

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Taking the attitude described in item (5) toward the previously developed equations for [r ] is an important step. Wliat this enables us to do is write a general expression for [r ] in solutions of flexible polymers ... 

A description or explanation of the background of the invention, N, may also be provided by the inventor. This background section discusses previous developments of inventors working in the same area of technology and may also Hst pubHcations or patents that have discussed these developments and predate the filing date of the patent appUcation. The background section may also point to deficiencies in the prior developments that the inventor intends to overcome. 

Nevertheless, previous developments and some of our results prove that the structural properties of several systems with short-range repulsive forces are straightforwardly and sufficiently accurately given by ROZ integral equations. Thermodynamic properties are much more difficult to describe. Reliable tools exist to obtain thermodynamics at high temperatures or for states far from phase transitions. Of particular importance, and far from being solved, are the issues related to phase transitions in partly quenched systems, even for simple models with attractive interactions. It seems that the results obtained by Kierlik et al. [27], may serve as a helpful reference in this direction. 

New site development or addition to a previously developed site... 

Now with the two requisite coupling partners available, the next step is the elaboration of the AE ring system (see Scheme 11). Through the application of previously developed conditions for activation of glycosyl fluorides,24 the convergent union of compounds 19 and 20 can be achieved, giving a 4.5 1 mixture of axial and equatorial isomers in favor of the desired axial glycoside 60 (ca. 70 % yield). 

Although the previous development was based on the assumption that H(t) = 27(0), it can readily be verified that the formulae (10-148)-(10-152) are valid more generally. In particular for the negaton-positon field interacting with an external electromagnetic field, we have... 

RCM was also used in Yamamoto s total synthesis of the marine neurotoxin gambierol (81) [62], to close the central seven-membered E ring, thereby completing the octacyclic polyether core 80 (Scheme 15). Following previously developed methodology [63], metathesis precursor 79 was produced as the major epimer, by boron trifluoride etherate-mediated intramolecular allylation of a-chloroacetoxy ether 78. Subsequent treatment of 79 with catalyst C produced the octacyclic ether 80 in 88% yield. 

Chain extenders in thermoplastic PUs are typically low-molecular weight diols. There are several degradable chain extenders that have been previously developed which incorporate amino acids. These degradable chain extenders are diamines (see, e.g.. Figure 8.2). 

Figure 1.19 Semi-analytical calculation of the speed of mixing in an advanced interdigital micro mixer, named SuperFocus, and comparison with previously developed interdigital micro mixers [120],...

In order to realize the precise control of core/shell structures of small bimetallic nanoparticles, some problems have to be overcome. For example, one problem is that the oxidation of the preformed metal core often takes place by the metal ions for making the shell when the metal ions have a high-redox potential, and large islands of shell metal are produced on the preformed metal core. Therefore, we previously developed a so-called hydrogen-sacrificial protective strategy to prepare the bimetallic nanoparticles in the size range 1.5-5.5nm with controllable core/shell structures [132]. The strategy can be extended to other systems of bi- or multimetallic nanoparticles. 

The voltammograms at the microhole-supported ITIES were analyzed using the Tomes criterion [34], which predicts ii3/4 — iii/4l = 56.4/n mV (where n is the number of electrons transferred and E- i and 1/4 refer to the three-quarter and one-quarter potentials, respectively) for a reversible ET reaction. An attempt was made to use the deviations from the reversible behavior to estimate kinetic parameters using the method previously developed for UMEs [21,27]. However, the shape of measured voltammograms was imperfect, and the slope of the semilogarithmic plot observed was much lower than expected from the theory. It was concluded that voltammetry at micro-ITIES is not suitable for ET kinetic measurements because of insufficient accuracy and repeatability [16]. Those experiments may have been affected by reactions involving the supporting electrolytes, ion transfers, and interfacial precipitation. It is also possible that the data was at variance with the Butler-Volmer model because the overall reaction rate was only weakly potential-dependent [35] and/or limited by the precursor complex formation at the interface [33b]. 

The original Medicinal Chemistry route was straightforward but, from a process chemistry point of view [20], several problems were identified at the beginning of the project and some of them were quite similar to those for the previous development candidate ... 

In this paper, then, the previously developed model (7) is extended to the calculation of erosion characteristics of a well described polymeric delivery system, the acid-catalyzed erosion of poly (ortho ester)s (2-6). This system is chosen as the example system because of the completeness of the data package in the open literature. It is expected that this modelling approach is also useful for other hydrolytically unstable polymeric drug delivery systems. 

The exponential factors usually given for total plants should be used for grass-root plants, and not for new units constructed at a developed site or expansions to existing plants. Grass-roots plants are those built in a location that has not been previously developed. They cost more than plants built in an area where the company has other plants. When other plants are nearby, access roads, railroad sidings, sewers, and water lines may only need to be extended a short distance. Dock and steam generation facilities may be available, and office, lunchroom, medical, and change-room space may already be adequate. 

The many efforts of synthesizing the thiepin system described in Section 2 have revealed that extremely mild conditions have to be employed for the construction of the thiepin skeleton in order to avoid thermal sulfur extrusion from the resulting thiepins. This is an especially important prerequisite for the synthetic designs aimed at obtaining simple (thermolabile) thiepin derivatives. In our own study in this field we have previously developed new versatile routes for the synthesis of the thiepin skeleton. In this section we summarize our synthetic approaches to the relatively simple thiepin derivatives. 

Another possibility to find out more about the structure of these dendrimers was chosen by incorporating fluorine atoms. The use of 19F-NMR spectroscopy offered an additional tool to study the conformation of the dendrimer, especially with the fluorines attached close to the stereogenic centers [91 ]. Following our previously developed methods [92], fluorine-containing 1st- and 2nd-genera-tion chiral dendrimers such as 76 were synthesized (Fig. 24). 

Previously developed methodology <1996CHEC-II(8)889, B-1984MI1> was applied to the construction of bis-2-spiro-l-boraadamantane 65 in 16% overall yield starting from triallylborane and fra r-l,4-diethynyl-l,4-dimethoxycyclohexane 73 (Scheme 29). The product was purified by chromatography, and the crystals formed incorporated two molecules of benzene for each molecule of 65. The benzene was removed under high vacuum. 

Calculations of forces may be improved in several ways. One is to pursue efforts towards the development of accurate classical, atomic-level force fields. A promising extension along these lines is to add nonadditive polarization effects to the usual pairwise additive description of interatomic interactions. This has been attempted in the past [35-39], but has not brought the expected and long-awaited improvements. This is not so much because polarization effects are not important, or pairwise additive models can account for them accurately in an average sense in all, even highly anisotropic environments. Instead, it seems more likely that the previously developed nonadditive potentials were not sufficiently accurate to offer an enhanced description of those systems in which induction phenomena play a crucial role. 

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