Recycling wastes

The obvious destination for nickel waste is in the manufacture of stainless steel, which consumes 65% of new refined nickel production. Stainless steel is produced in a series of roasting and smelting operations. These can be hospitable to the various forms of nickel chemical waste. In 1993, 3 x 10 t of nickel from nickel-containing wastes were processed into 30 x 10 t of stainless steel remelt alloy (205,206) (see Recycling, nonferrous metals). This quantity is expected to increase dramatically as development of the technology of waste recycle coUection improves. 

Although more often associated with household and commercial waste, recycling has proven to be very successhil in the industrial arena. Industrial recycling is the recovery for reuse or sale of materials from what otherwise would be wastes destined for disposal (5). Typically, the reclaimable materials employed in industrial recycling may consist of obsolete products, spent materials, industrial by-products or residues, or pollution control products. The recycling of many of these products is so well estabHshed that under standard commercial practices such materials are destined only for recovery, not for disposal. 

Conseive material and energy resources through waste recycling and recoveiy... 

Snyder, D. D., Landau, U. and Sard, R., Electroplating engineering and waste recycle new developmentsf and trends, Proc. Electrochemical Society (USA), 83-12, Pennington (1983)... 

In die case of nylon-6,6 waste recycled by ammonolysis, nylon is treated with ammonia in die presence of a phosphate catalyst. Reaction occurs at 330°C and 7 MPa. Distillation of die reaction mixture produces ammonia which is recycled and three fractions containing (a) caprolactam, (b) HMDA and aminocaproni-trile, and (c) adiponitrile. Aminocapronitrile and adiponitrile are hydrogenated to yield pure HMDA, and die caprolactam is eidier converted to aminocapronitrile by further ammonolysis or distilled to produce pure caprolactam. The HMDA produced by this process is extremely pure (>99.8).1 The main impurities are aminomediylcyclopentylaniiiie and tetrahydroazepine, which are expected to be removed more effectively in the larger distillation columns employed in the larger plants. 

Post-consumer plastic waste recycling is discussed with special reference to feedstock recycling, the advantages it has over mechanical recycling, and the techniques involved. Chemolysis and thermolysis are explained, and... 

Bridgewater, A.V., and Mumford, C.J. (1979) Waste Recycling and Pollution Control Handbook, George Godwin, London. 

This work was supported by the 21C Frontier R D Program, Industrial Waste Recycling R D Center (Project 2A-B-1-1). 

The most studied system for agricultural waste recycling is their bioconversion into fiiels [1], such as ethanol production from sugarcane molasses, citrus peels [2] and whey [3],... 

Dutch law has indicated NAA as the technique of choice for the analysis of polymer waste (recycling). INAA has been recommended as the analysis technique for the determination of cadmium in industrial products. 

EPA. 1992a. Environmental Protection Agency. Hazardous waste management system Identification and listing of hazardous waste recycled used oil management standards final rule. Fed Regist 57 4156641626. 

In this process EAF dust, other zinc-bearing wastes, recycled materials, coke or coal, lime, and silica are mixed and fed to a rotary furnace. The zinc and other volatile nonferrous metals in the feed are entrained in the furnace off-gas and are carried from the furnace to an external dust collection system. The resulting oxide (zinc calcine) is a crude zinc-bearing product that is further refined at zinc smelters. A byproduct of the process is a nonhazardous, iron-rich slag that can be used in road construction. Solidification technologies change the physical form of the waste to produce a solid structure in which the contaminant is mechanically trapped. 

Pollution prevention in the U.S., whether through source material reduction/reuse, or waste recycling, is practiced in various sectors of the nonferrous metals industry. Pollution prevention techniques and processes currently used by the nonferrous metals industry can be grouped into the following general categories1 2 3 4 ... 

ISC, Guideline for Waste Treatment/Recycling by Businesses, Waste Recycling Subcommittee, Industrial Structure Council, July 2001, available at http //www.meti.go.jp/policy/recycle/main/english/ pamphlets/pdf/ceBusie e.pdf, 2007. 

Hazardous Waste Recycling, Used Oil, and Universal Wastes.440... 

Hazardous waste recycling and universal wastes To provide for the safe recycling of hazardous wastes and facilitate the management of commonly recycled materials, RCRA includes provisions for hazardous waste recycling and universal wastes. 

Since waste recycling and recovery are the major components of RCRA s goals, they must be implemented consistently with proper hazardous waste management. As a result, RCRA contains provisions to ensure safe hazardous waste recycling and to facilitate the management of commonly recycled wastestreams. 

HAZARDOUS WASTE RECYCLING, USED OIL, AND UNIVERSAL WASTES... 

Agricultural waste. To prevent overregulation of farms and promote waste recycling, solid wastes generated by crop or animal farming are excluded from the definition of hazardous waste provided that the wastes are returned to the ground as fertilizers or soil conditioners. Examples of such wastes are crop residues and manures. 

U.S. EPA, Definition of Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste Recycling Module, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC, April 2006. 

Krofta, M. and Wang, L.K., Total Waste Recycle System for a Wastewater Treatment System Using Pulp Mill Chemicals Containing Aluminum and Calcium, Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, M A, Technical Report LIR/10-84/, 1984, 524 p. 

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