Waste minimization pollution

University of Maryland, Waste Minimization/Pollution Prevention Plan, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, available at http //www.ehs.umaryland.edu/Waste/wastemin.htm, 2007. 

WASTE MINIMIZATION, POLLUTION PREVENTION, DESIGN FOR ENVIRONMENT, MATERIAL SUBSTITUTION, DEMATERIALIZATION,... 

The terms of zero emission, zero discharge, cleaner production, waste minimization, pollution prevention, design for environment, material substitution, and dematerialization are all closely related, and each is self-explanatory. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), and other national and international organizations at different periods of time have promoted each [8,19,23,30-34,39-46]. 

Boerner, D.A. Recycling the Paper Forest, Amer. Forests, 37 (July/August 1990). Bumble, S. Computer Simulated Plant Design for Waste Minimization/Pollution Prevention, Lewis Publishers. Boca Raton, FL, 2000. 

Bumble, S. Computer Simulated Plant Design for Waste Minimization/Pollution Prevention, Lewis Publishers New York, 2000. 

The environmental technology section includes reviews of waste water treatment and air and waste minimization/pollution prevention. Waste water treatment procedures discussed include biological treatment, activated carbon adsorption, air and steam stripping, chemical precipitation, ion exchange, and membrane separation. 

Cornelia, Paula, and Rittmeyer, Robert W., Waste Minimization/Pollution Prevention, Pollution Engineering, pp. 71-74 (Apr. 1990). 

Regulatory Direction There is no doubt that pollution prevention continues to be the regulatoiy direction. The development of new and more efficient processes and waste minimization technologies will be essential to support this effort. 

Although the EPAs policy does not consider recycling or treatment as actual pollution prevention methods per se, these methods present an opportunity to reduce the amount of waste that might otheiwise be discharged into the environment. Clearly, the definition of pollution prevention and its synonyms (e.g., waste minimization) must be understood to fully appreciate and apply these techniques. 

Waste minimization generally considers all of the methods in the EPA hierarchy (except for disposal) appropriate to reduce the volume or quantity of waste requiring dispos (i.e., source reduction). The definition oi source reduction as applied in the Pollution Prevention Act, however, is any practice that reduces the amount of any hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant entering any waste stream... 

The task force must be capable of identifying pollution reduc tion alternatives as well as be cognizant of inherent obstacles to the process. Barriers frequently arise from the anxiety associated with the belief that the program will negatively affect produc t quality or result in production losses. According to an EPA survey, 30 percent of indus-tiy comments responded that they were concerned that product qualify would decline if waste minimization techniques were implemented (Ref. 6). As such, the assessment team, and the team leader in particular, must be ready to react to these and other concerns (Ref. 2fy... 

Additionally, the EPA pubhshes a newsletter entitled Pollution Prevention News that contains information including EPA news, technologies, program updates, and case studies. The EPA s Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratoiy and the Center for Environmental Research Information has pubhshed several guidance documents, developed in cooperation with the California Department of Health Services. The manuals supplement generic waste reduction information presented in the EPA s Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessment Manual (Ref. 9). 

Does the facility have written goals m place for pollution prevention or waste minimization ... 

As air pollution management moves forward, economics has a major role in reducing pollution. Multimedia considerations are forcing a blend of traditional emission reduction approaches and innovative methods for waste minimization. These efforts are directed toward full cost accounting of the life cycle of products and residuals from the manufacturing, use, and ultimate disposal of materials. 

In the UK the Environmental Proteetion Aet 1990 established an interloeking framework for pollution eontrol. Integrated Pollution Control (IPC) introdueed a new approaeh with waste minimization at its eentre and a eommitment to higher environmental standards. The latter is based upon seleetion of the Best Praetieal Environmental Option (BPEO), i.e. ... 

Reinhardt, R.A. (ed.) et al. (1996) Pollution Prevention and Waste Minimization in Laboratories, Lewis Publishing. 

You should use the material balance information to identify the major sources of waste and pollution, to look for deviations from the norm in waste production, to identify areas of unexplained losses, and to pinpoint operations that contribute to flows that exceed national-, local-, or site-discharge regulations. Also, a good thing to remember is that, from a practical standpoint, process ciency is synonymous with waste minimization. 

POLLUTION PREVENTION OPTIONAL INFORMATION ON WASTE MINIMIZATION... 

POLLUTION PREVENTION OPTIONAL INFORMATION ON WASTE MINIMIZATION (Indicate actions taken to reduce the amount of the chemical being released from the facility. See the instructions for coded items and an explanation of what Information to Include.) ... 

Sludge or solid waste is unavoidably produced in the treatment of water containing suspended solids. There are, however different technologies that we can select among that will indeed concentrate these solids, and thereby reduce the volumes that we ultimately must dispose of. In addition, some sludge can be stabilized and treated, which can impart a low, but none-the-less marketable value to this waste. These technologies and practices do indeed constitute pollution prevention and waste minimization programs within water treatment plant operations, and they can... 

I highly recommend you follow the methodology of McHugh (McHugh, R.T., The Economics of Waste Minimization, McGraw-Hill Book Publishers, 1990). McHugh defines four tiers of potential costs, which the author applies to pollution prevention, but the principles and methodology are universal ... 

Several definitions of pollution prevention can be found in the literature (e.g., El-Halwagi and Petrides, 1995 Freeman, 1995 Theodore et al, 1994 Noyes, 1993). These definitions vary in the scope of pollution prevention. Throughout this book, the term pollution prevention will be used to describe any activity that is aimed at reducing, to the extent feasible, the release of undesirable substances to the environment. Other terms such as waste minimization, reduction, and management will be used interchangeably as synonyms for pollution prevention. 

El-Halwagi, M. M. (1995). Introduction to numerical optimization approaches to pollution prevention. In Waste Minimization Through Process Design, (A. P. Rossiter, ed.) pp. 199-208, McGraw Hill, New York. 

This act completely reformed arrangements for controlling pollution at national and local levels and created a complete interlocking framework for pollution control. It introduced integrated pollution control (IPC), a new approach with waste minimization at its centre and a commitment to higher environmental standards via the concept of the best practical environmental option (BPEO). The reform of waste disposal is designed to minimize waste and maximize recycling. 

Since the late 1980s, several developed countries have made major public sector commitments to build awareness of cleaner production, also referred to as pollution prevention and waste minimization. These commitments, most notably in Denmark, the Netherlands, the U.K. and the U.S., have led the private sector to investigate and implement pollution prevention measures for existing processes and products. As a result, cleaner production is now seen in these countries as a potentially cost-effective complement to pollution abatement in meeting environmental standards. 

The CAA compliance deadline may cause companies to install simple end-of-pipe emissions controls, instead of pollution prevention process changes. In order to limit this practice and encourage waste minimization, U.S. EPA allows owners and operators of combustion facilities to request a one-year extension to the compliance period in cases where additional time is needed to install pollution prevention and waste minimization measures that reduce the amount of hazardous waste entering combustion feedstreams.16 Requests for a one-year extension must reasonably document that the waste minimization measures could not be installed in time to meet the three-year compliance period. Decisions to grant the extensions will be made by U.S. EPA or authorized state programs. 

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