Waste-management concepts

Ostler. N.K., J.T. Nielsen Waste Management Concepts. Prentice-Hall. Inc.. Upper Saddle River. NJ. 1997... 

During the search for efficient and ecologically justified waste-management concepts, the use of biodegradable polymer materials was repeatedly made a political demand. Next to the arguments of a partial solution to the waste-disposal problem by natural degradation, the conservation of the petrochemical resources, the reduction of C02-emission, and the use of renewable resources are a point of discussion. 

The other papers in this symposium discuss details of available data and models. This is an overview discussion of the scope and types of models and data needed for safety assessment of radioactive waste management concepts. 

It seems that in most cases the initial ideas for waste management concepts have been selected without any open, formal and thorough safety evaluation of alternatives, though such evaluations have in some cases been made at the later stages of the concept development process. For instance, the choice of the basic concepts for disposal of LDLW have predominantly been based on national geological and environmental conditions and on experiences from other countries. 

It was disposal and burial of enormous quantities of radioactive waste that became the starting point to the development alternative operation waste management Concept with the main emphasis on technologies that make It possible to separate their non-radloactlve components and to decrease significantly the quantity of solidified radioactive waste [26]. 

The waste management situation in Austria is presented, and it is explained that Baufeld-Austria GmbH has developed a method and concept, with the eooperation of cement plant experts, to enable some Austrian eement factories to responsibly use plastics waste as an energy source. The conditions used for developing the model, relating to fuel quality, environmental proteetion, and public health, are explained. The Baufeld model for processing of plastics waste is then described. Details of future plans are included. 

In examining the technical options for plastic waste management, chemical recycling appears to be the least developed and most difficult. In this paper, BP Chemicals sets out its analysis of the factors that will determine the choice of chemical recycling process technology. From this a process concept based on thermal cracking is developed and the hurdles to be overcome before such a process can be realised is discussed. 

This book, combined with its predecessor, forms a resource that is comprehensive in scope and directly applicable to waste management problems in a wide range of industries. Complete with numerous figures, tables, examples, and case histories, this volume provides the clear understanding of the technical and economic concepts needed to develop total environmental control programs that can benefit industry as well as local municipalities. 

The use of domino reactions has two main advantages. The first advantage applies to the chemical industry, as the costs not only for waste management but also for energy supplies and materials are reduced. The second advantage is the beneficial effect on the environment, as domino reactions help to save natural resources. It is, therefore, not surprising that this new concept has been adopted very rapidly by the scientific community. 

Under the RCRA, the hazardous waste management program is based on a cradle-to-grave concept, so that all hazardous wastes can be traced and accounted for fully. Section 3010(a) of the act requires all generators and transporters of hazardous wastes as well as owners and operators of all TSD facilities to file a notification with the ERA within 90 days after the promulgation of the regulations. The notification should state the location of the facility and include a general... 

Andersson-Skold, Y., P. Grennfelt, and K. Pleijel, Photochemical Ozone Creation Potentials A Study of Different Concepts, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 42, 1152-1158 (1992). 

Motivate employees by crediting their performance records by meeting waste-reduedon timetables established by management and for proposing waste-reduedon concepts. 

Waste Package Concepts for Use in the Conceptual Design of the Nuclear Waste Repository in Basalt, AESD-TME-3142, Westinghouse Electric Co., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for Battelle Project Management Division, Office of Nuclear Waste Isolation, Sept., 1982. 

Subsurface storage of radioactive wastes in geologic formations such as plutons or salt deposits is being considered (16) the concepts presented here are also applicable to this waste management problem. 

The SITP is a quantity derived from the Annual Limit on Intake (ALI), an internationally accepted concept that has been acknowledged by the Government s Radioactive Waste Management Committee (RWMAC) as a valid method of establishing equivalent hazards of different waste types. The ALI is a derived limit for the permissible amount of radioactive material taken into the body of an adult radiation worker by inhalation or ingestion in a year. The ALI is the smaller value of intake of a given radionuclide in a year by the reference man that would result in either a committed effective dose equivalent of 0.05 Sv or 0.5 Sv to any individual organ or tissue. 

These provisions provide a tremendous impetus to hazardous waste generators to dispose of their waste on site under carefiilly controlled conditions. This concept of liability also burdens the generator with the threat of future costs as a result of someone else s improper actions. These values follow directly from our system of government, which was created to assure that individual citizens do not suffer loss of property and freedoms (health) by the actions of others. The need for a careful choice of a contractor to carry out waste management and disposal responsibilities is also highlighted by these provisions. 

Thus, a mass of waste, m, is converted to a mass of fuel, m, so that m > m, but the heats of combustion are AHm < AHm , which is the objective of processing. The yield is limited by the composition of m and the limits of the law of conservation of mass-energy also, allowance must be made for the energy input for processing (2). The concept of processing to maximize yield is opposite to the traditional objective of waste management of maximizing disposal. 

In the Navy, as everywhere else, the disposal of solid waste is becoming more and more costly as environmental regulations become more restrictive. This paper will examine some of the economic and technical aspects of a new concept for reducing the overall cost for solid waste management. 

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