Alternative Developments

Subsea production systems are an alternative development option for an offshore field. They are often a very cost effective means of exploiting small fields which are situated close to existing infrastructure, such as production platforms and pipelines. They may also be used in combination with floating production systems. 

I.F.P. (France) and Idemitsu Kosan (Japan), as a member of RAP AD (Research Association for Petroleum Alternative Development), are involved in process and catalysts development for alcohols synthesis. This paper details most of our recent results. 

Alternatively, development occurs as a result of a particular event. This could be an achievement which makes you realize that you are capable of more than you thought, or a set-back which causes you to re-appraise basic assumptions about yourself and the way you manage your job or indeed your life. 

In addition, ground surveys, assist UNODC to obtain information on yields, drug prices and various other socio-economic data that is useful for alternative development interventions. Detailed discussion of the methodological approaches can be found in the methodology section of each survey, (http // www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop monitoring.html)... 

Plot your data on a graph showing temperature on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis. Alternatively, develop a bar graph showing the rise in temperature of the water in each bowl over time. 

At this time it is not clear whether or not the isotopic enrichment described here can be accomplished at a neutron exposure high enough to yield a really useful product, but indications are that a highly thermalized neutron source may yield such products. An alternative development, which would yield a higher enrichment factor or comparable enrichment at lower neutron exposures, would be some means to decrease target elution to much less than 1%. 

An alternative development may be to express the desired quantities in terms of contour integrals in the complex plane, using Cauchy s theory of residues, as described in E. Schrodinger, Statistical Thermodynamics, reprinted, Dover, New York, 1989. We have not explored this predominantly formal development. 

We have two alternate developments that depend on whether we choose to use the experimental molar enthalpy of fusion of the solvent or the difference between the molar enthalpy of the pure, liquid species AB and that of the solid. In the first case we must introduce the chemical potential of the pure liquid component and eliminate the chemical potential of the AB species. In order to do so we consider the pure liquid at the experimental temperature T indicated in Equation (11.160). Then... 

An interesting nonpetrochemical alternative developed by Monsanto [2] is based on synthesis gas and NH3. In the first step, acetonitrile is obtained with selectivity of 85% at 300-600°C and pressures up to 35 bar by using Mo/Fe oxide catalysts ... 

The most unsatisfactory features of our derivation of the molecular Hamiltonian from the Dirac equation stem from the fact that the Dirac equation is, of course, a single particle equation. Hence all of the inter-electron terms have been introduced by including the effects of other electrons in the magnetic vector and electric scalar potentials. A particularly objectionable aspect is the inclusion of electron spin terms in the magnetic vector potential A, with the use of classical field theory to derive the results. It is therefore of interest to examine an alternative development and in this section we introduce the Breit Hamiltonian [16] as the starting point. We eventually arrive at the same molecular Hamiltonian as before, but the derivation is more satisfactory, although fundamental difficulties are still present. 

The traditional way is to measure the impedance curve, Z(co), point-after-point, i.e., by measuring the response to each individual sinusoidal perturbation with a frequency, to. Recently, nonconventional approaches to measure the impedance function, Z(a>), have been developed based on the simultaneous imposition of a set of various sinusoidal harmonics, or noise, or a small-amplitude potential step etc, with subsequent Fourier- and Laplace transform data analysis. The self-consistency of the measured spectra is tested with the use of the Kramers-Kronig transformations [iii, iv] whose violation testifies in favor of a non-steady state character of the studied system (e.g., in corrosion). An alternative development is in the area of impedance spectroscopy for nonstationary systems in which the properties of the system change with time. 

Now the second part of the exercise the model lets you find out how sensitive the value of the project is to your assumptions. Unless your assumptions are terribly bad, the results can be very useful in deciding on alternative development paths. Factors that are usually considered in the sensitivity analysis are the effects of development time, sales volume, product manufacturing cost and development cost. Calculating their effect may seem a lot of work, but the spreadsheet gives results quickly. 

An interesting alternative development is that of forward osmosis. Whereas in reverse osmosis a high pressure is required to oppose the natural tendency of freshwater to move across such a membrane via osmosis to dilute the seawater, in forward osmosis the system takes advantage of this natural tendency. Here, salt water sits on one side of the membrane, but the freshwater on the opposite side is transformed into a high-concentration solution by adding NH3 and CO2. Water naturally flows from the salt water to what is now the draw solution, which can have a solute concentration as high as 10 times that of the salt water. There is no need for an external pressure. The diluted draw solution is then heated to evaporate off the CO2 and NH3 for reuse, leaving behind freshwater. (See Patel-Predd, 2006). 

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