Wall coverings properties

Each year, Americans report over three million fires leading to 29,000 injuries and 4,500 deaths (1). The direct property losses exceed 8 biUion (1) and the total annual cost to our society has been estimated at over 100 biUion (2). Personal losses occur mosdy in residences where furniture, wall coverings, and clothes are frequently the fuel. Large financial losses occur in commercial stmctures such as office buildings and warehouses. Fires also occur in airplanes, buses, and trains. 

The Jenike shear cell tester is classified as a direct shear tester that is capable of providing information on a solids cohesive strength as well as its wall friction properties. The tester allows us to measure the strength of a powder blend as a function of pressure applied to it. These are two main considerations when design a bin or hopper to ensure reliable material flow. The tester consists of a base, a moveable shear ring resting on top of the base, and a top cover lid (Fig. 7.3).61 The base is fixed while the lid rotates at a constant low rate. Powder blend is placed in the ring and base and a... 

Other Textile Interiors. There have also been a few recent studies on the thermal and optical properties of upholstery fabrics and wall coverings. The reflection and transmission properties of upholstery fabrics were determined by the use of a goniophotometer (93)- Mathematical equations have been developed to show how wall hangings can save energy by confining air between walls and their coverings (9]0 ... 

Teflon is used as thermal insulation in clothing, as a component in wall coverings, and as a protective coating on metals, glass, and plastics. Teflon s properties of very low chemical reactivity and very low friction make it valuable in the construction of artificial joints for human limbs. As you can see in Figure 9, Teflon is also used as a roofing material. 

In order to obtain the desired material properties, PVC products are treated with additives. With regard to the quantity, the phthalic esters, which are used as plasticisers, represent the most significant portion. In an indoor environment PVC occurs mostly in household products, floor coverings, wall coverings and electronic devices [69]. Since wall and floor coverings sometimes represent a major part of the surface area in a room [85], they might be a source for phthalic acid esters. The soft PVC used preferentially in wallpapers contains plasticiser portions of about 30%. These are mainly di- -butyl phthalate (DBP), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DINP). 

Poly(vinyl fluoride) is a highly crystalline polymer available commercially as a tough, flexible film sold under the trade name Tedlar by DuPont. It has excellent chemical resistance like other fluoropoly-mers, excellent outdoor weatherability, and good thermal stability, abrasion, and stain resistance. It maintains useful properties between -180°C to 150°C. It is used as protective coatings for materials like plywood, vinyl, hardboard, metals, and reinforced polyesters. These laminated materials find applications in aircraft interior panels, in wall covering, and in the building industry. 

The largest use of phenol-formaldehyde resins is in plywood manufacture. Other applications include lacquers and varnishes, cutlery handles, and toilet seats. Molded parts are used in distributor caps, fuse boxes, and other electrical outlets because of the superior dimensional stability and electrical properties of PF resins. Decorative laminates from PF resins are used for countertops and wall coverings, while... 

The same fiber properties that make w-aramids suitable for protective apparel applications find utility in thermal and flame-resistant barrier fabrics found in transportation (aircraft, train, and automobile) end-uses and in contract furnishings for hotels, offices, auditoriums, hospitals, and day care centers. Fabrics involved in aircraft and railroad car interior applications include upholstery, floor coverings, bulkheads, wall coverings, and blankets. 

Chem. Descrip. Molybdic oxide CAS 1313-27-5 EINECS/ELINCS 215-204-7 Uses Flame retardant, smoke suppressant in rigid and flexible PVC and PVC alloys and adhesives in transportation, construction, and wire and cable markets flame retardant and smoke suppressant in jacketing and insulation for plenum and riser, profiles, wall coverings and upholstery for high risk buildings, and extrusions for subways arid aircraft interiors Features Rec. where UL 910 and ASTM E84 must be met Properties Pale blue-gray powd. 2.5 avg. particle size 99.9% < 32 sp.gr. 4.7 bulk dens. 15 IWtf 66.65% Mo Charmax Z20S [R.J. Marshall]... 

Uses Rame retardant, smoke suppressant used for reduced afterglow and arc/track in jacketing and insulation for plenum and riser cables, wall coverings, urethane foams, intumescent coatings and belting Properties Wh. ultrafine tree-flowing powd. 2-3 avg. particle size 99.9%... 

Chem. Descrip. Emulsion PVC homopolymer CAS 9002-86-2 EINECS/ELINCS 208-750-2 Uses PVC for paste processing compact coatings for prod, of imitation leather, wall coverings, flooring, conveyor belts Features Alkali prestabilized produces med. vise, pastes with pseudoplastic flow and good storage stability Properties < 1 % on 0.040 mm sieve apparent bulk dens. 0.40 g/ml vise. 169 ml/g pH 10 (aq. extract)... 

Properties Sol. 4 ml in water dens. 3.18 dec. pt. 250 C Uses Flame retardant, smoke suppressant in polymers, esp. PVC and unsat. polyesters, thermoplastic elastomers, wire and cable applies., wall coverings, upholstery ManufJDistrib. Climax Molybdenum Pacific West Trade Names Charmax AOM... 

Tetraborate, pentahydrate. See Sodium tetraborate pentahydrate Tetrabromoacetylene. See Tetrabromoethane Tetrabromobis (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate CAS 26040-51-7 Synonyms Bis (2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate Di(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate Phthalic acid, tetrabromo-bis (2-ethyl hexyl) ester Empirical C24Hs4Br404 Properties Sp.gr. 1.54 Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) > 5000 mg/kg, (dermal, rabbit) > 2000 mg/kg Uses Flame retardant, plasticizer for PVC, SBR, neoprene, EPDM, wire/cable insulation, film, sheeting, carpet backing, coated fabrics, wall coverings, adhesives, coatings Features Elec, props. 

The term "pressure-sensitive adhesive" (PSA) refers to a permanently tacky composition which will adhere to a variety of surfaces merely by application of light hand pressure. Such materials find widespread application in tapes labels, wall coverings, floor tiles, and protective maskings (1). Typical property requirements for various pressure-sensitive products are shown in Table 1. For decades, such products have been manufactured by the deposition of preformed polymers from solution. However, as concern over energy and environmental problems began to surface, the pressure to find alternate methods of manufacture intensified and the use of solvents declined. The use of radiation to cure such materials in place is but one alternate to the conventional solvent-based approach. 

Plasticizers are key additives in many plastics and are therefore important constituents of a variety of products - not only electrical insulation, wall coverings, lubricants and floor carpets but also such items as food packaging, bottled water containers, toys, cosmetics and medical materials. Due to the high volume of the production of phthalates many reviews focus on their implications on human exposure and public health. We will discuss here the properties of some other representative plasticizers besides phthalic esters. Some of their relevant physicochemical parameters are collected in Table 3. 

Wool blends are used in carpets, furnishing fabrics, curtains, wall coverings, and outerwear applications (school jumpers, women s sweaters). Beneficial effects on such properties as tensile strength, abrasion resistance, dimensional stability, resistance to pilling and bagging, a wool-like look and handle could be achieved by blending PP with wool. 

One of the very first plasticizers proposed for PVC was the phosphate ester tricresyl phosphate. This plasticizer was later used for its flame-resistant properties in the first commercial PVC electrical wire insulation materials. Today the majority of the phosphate esters used as plasticizers are the alkyl diaryl phosphates, which are prepared with mixtures of various phenols and alcohols and often used in combination with GP plasticizers such as DINP, DIDP, or DPHP. Phosphate esters provide significant improvement in flame retarding properties and for some products, reduced smoke generation. This property helps enable flexible PVC materials to be used in plenum cables, data and communication cables, and electronics. Phosphates such as isodecyl diphenyl phosphate can also be used in transportation fabrics and wall coverings where some level of flame retardant properties is required. 

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