Alkyl-diaryl

Phosphate ester fluids are the most fire resistant of moderately priced lubricants, are generally excellent lubricants, and are thermally and oxidatively stable up to 135°C (38). Fire-resistant iadustrial hydrauHc fluids represent the largest volume commercial use. AppHcations are made ia air compressors and continue to grow for aircraft use (tributyl and/or an alkyl diaryl ester) and ia hydrauHc control of steam turbiaes ia power generation (ISO 46 esters). 

Ryder reported the preparation of an interesting alkyl diaryl furan that was subsequently polymerized and studied as a conducting polymer. The monomer furan 49 was available fron the acid catalyzed cyclization of dione 48. ... 

Alkyl diaryl phosphates are converted to diesters by loss of an aryl group on treatment with potassium t-butoxide, a reaction which probably... 

N-Alkyl-aniline und Diphenylamin gehen mit 1,4-Dioxo- und mit 2,6-Dimethyl-l, 4-dioxo-cyclohexan eine saure-katalysierte Kondensation ein, die zu Alkyl-diaryl- bzw. zu Tri-aryl-aminen fuhrt diese Reaktion stellt insgesamt eine N-Arylierung dar2. 

Santicizer 148 [Solutia]. (alkyl diaryl phosphate ester). TM for a flexible, processable, and compatible flame-retardant plasticizer. 

Alkyl diaryl and triaryl phosphates have a synergistic action as plasticizers and as flame retardants. Phosphate plasticizers are prepared firom POCI3 and monofunctional alcohols or alkylated phenols. Industrial manufacturing necessitates the manipulation of HCl by-product, which is very corrosive and can cause undesirable side reactions. Because of their flame-retardant properties phosphate plasticizers are employed in fire-retardant apphcations such as cables and spread contract flooring. 

This ligand class is quite useful for the synthesis of unsymmetrical alkyl diaryl amines.39 Typically, a primary aliphatic amine is first arylated using the Pd/BINAP catalyst system. The second arylation is then carried out with L6, Xantphos, or PPF-OMe (with CS2CO3 if a base sensitive aryl bromide). Ligand choice for the second arylation depends upon the electronic nature of the N-alkylaniline and Ar2Br as outlined in the table. They were unable to couple 2-bromobenzaldehyde, 4-(4 -bromophenyl)-2-butanone, or 4 -bromoacetophenone with N-alkylanilines (alkyl > Me). 

Mixed arsines such as alkyl(diaryl)arsines can also be obtained in the reverse reaction, namely that of potassium diarylarsenides with alkyl bromides.497 Similarly potassium diphenylarsenide and dihaloalkanes afford compounds of the type (C6H5)2AsCH2CH2As(C6H5)2.498... 

Study of the photolytic behaviour of triaryl phosphates has been further extended new model substrates examined include tri-l-naphthalenyl, tri-9-anthracenyl, and tri-8-quinolinyl phosphates, together with some of their methoxy derivatives and analogous dialkyl aryl and alkyl diaryl esters. Noted reactions include aryl migrations with the formation of, for example, l-[2-(l-naphthalenyl)-naphthalenyl] phosphate, in substantial amounts, together with appropriate biaryls. A preliminary report describes the photolysis of methyl alkenyl aryl phosphates (58) which undergo transformation along more than one pathway. The isolated products from (58) (R = OMe, = Me) were (60),... 

Eine Variante dieser Reaktion, bei der ein iiber eine Alkyl-Gruppe polymer gebundenes Alkyl-diphenyl-phosphan zum Einsatz kommt, kann sich praparativ als vorteilhaft erweisen47,48. Trennprobleme mit dem ansonsten anfallenden Triphcnylphosphanoxid werden so vermieden, da nur von dem polymer gebundenen Phosphanoxid abfiltriert werden muB. Ahnliche Vorteile besitzt polymer gebundenes Alkyl-diaryl-dichlor-phospho-... 

The reactants are mixed at room temperature, or below, but may be heated in a later stage. The hydrogen chloride formed can be removed by a current of air or neutralized by the addition of alkali. The replacement of the chlorine atoms is rather rapid but can be carried mt in a stepwise fashion so that mixed esters, such as alkyl diaryl phosphal, can be pro duced. The first chlcnine is replaced most rapidly the secohd and third are replaced more slowly unless a base is present. Intermemate ester chlorides, such as GiHtOSiCU, can be obtained from silicon tetrachloride and an alcohol in a similar manner. A useful method for preparing tita ... 

The equilibria between 9,9,10-alkyl-diaryl- and the 9,9,10-dialkyl-arylphenanthrenium ions are described in 50 .2i7) fgy jjjg 9,9.io[Pg.129]

Sodium alkyl diaryl sulfonate Active Ingredient % 45 Clear yellow liquid Odor Slightly medicinal Density 25C (77F) 1.15 Pounds Per Gallon 9.6 Viscosity cP 118... 

Alkyl diaryl Akzo Nobel PhosBex 362,390,370 Acrylic, Ce Uulose, Epoxy,... 

One of the very first plasticizers proposed for PVC was the phosphate ester tricresyl phosphate. This plasticizer was later used for its flame-resistant properties in the first commercial PVC electrical wire insulation materials. Today the majority of the phosphate esters used as plasticizers are the alkyl diaryl phosphates, which are prepared with mixtures of various phenols and alcohols and often used in combination with GP plasticizers such as DINP, DIDP, or DPHP. Phosphate esters provide significant improvement in flame retarding properties and for some products, reduced smoke generation. This property helps enable flexible PVC materials to be used in plenum cables, data and communication cables, and electronics. Phosphates such as isodecyl diphenyl phosphate can also be used in transportation fabrics and wall coverings where some level of flame retardant properties is required. 

Demonstrating that these low oxidation potential aromatic amines are very easy to polymerize, the Dao group subsequently reported [410] chemical polymerization with Cu(Bp4)2 xH20 oxidant/dopant for a series of Poly(N-alkyl-Diphenylamine) s. A 4-4 C-C (phenyl-phenyl) coupling mechanism was claimed for tWs polymerization. These CPs showed poor conductivities (10 S/cm) and a yellow-to-violet electrochromism. In a variant of diis syntliesis, Poly(N-alkyl-diaryl amines), i.e. with a naphthalene group replacing one of the phenyls in DPA, were chemically synthesized by Dao et al. [586]. These polymers however showed poor conductivity (10 S/cm) even in their highly doped form. The spectroelectrochemical characterization of these (see Chapter 3) showed broad-band responses characteristic of P(DPA) and its derivatives. 

Of this family of products, triaryl phosphates (TAP) and alkyl diaryl phosphates (ADP) are the two important categories of FR plasticizers for PVC. Trialkyl phosphates are considered too volatile for most vinyl processes, and are more commonly found in other applications, such as leveling agents or antifoam additives. In vinyl, TAP and ADP plasticizers are used to flame-retard thin films and laminates for articles such as wall covering, tarpaulins (transportation), and vinyl-coated furniture fabric. Another major application area is in vinyl for electrical insulation in wire and cable. In addition to these applications, phosphate esters are used as functional fluids for hydraulic equipment (metal industries, power generation, and aircraft hydraulic systems) and as additives in formulated lubricant systems. As flexible vinyl composites are usually defined by their additives, when formulated correctly, phosphate esters can help produce a very cost-efficient vinyl composite capable of very low smoke and flammabihty. In nearly all markets, phosphate esters are valued primarily for their FR properties, and the distinction from function and plasticization is sometimes obscured. 

The second class of FR phosphate esters used in flexible vinyls is the alkyl diaryl phosphates (ADP) (Fig. 9.2 and Tables 9.4 and 9.5). The most common approach for manufacturing these materials is by reaction of phosphorus oxychloride with the sodium salt of the alcohol. There are three major types, differing in the alkyl group reaction products of isodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexanol or linear C12-C14 alcohols. The advantages of these products are their low-temperature flexibility and/or lower volatility with the longer-chain alkyl group. 

TABLE 9.4 LOI of Alkyl Diaryl Phosphates Versus Triaryl Phosphates... 

Oxonium salt formation. Shake up 0 5 ml. of ether with 1 ml. of cone. HCl and note that a clear solution is obtained owing to the formation of a water-soluble oxonium salt. Note that aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons do not behave in this way. In general diaryl ethers and alkyl aryl ethers are also insoluble in cone. HCl. 

The 3 -heterocychcs ia the mid-distiUate range are primarily the thiacyclanes, ben2othiophenes, and diben2othiophenes. There are lesser amounts of dialkyl—, diaryl—, and aryl—alkyl sulfides (29). Alkylthiophenes are scarce or absent, but some evidence exists for ben2thiacyclanes (Fig. 6). As for the naphtha fractions, these sulfur species account for a minimal fraction of the total sulfur ia the cmde. 

Protection Against Flex Cracking. Most antioxidants including waxes provide oxidation protection under static conditions. However, most of them are not effective in mbber products subjected to dynamic flexing, eg, sidewall compounds in tires. The best dynamic protection is provided by either /V-alkyl-/V-phenyl or diaryl-/)-phenylene diamines. 

N,N -dialkyl-/)-PDAs, N-alkyl-N -aryl-/)-PDAs, and N,N -diaryl-/)-PDAs. 

A number of tertiary bismuthines have been prepared by the iateraction of a sodium diaryl- or dialkylbismuthide and an alkyl or aryl haUde (50) ... 

Transesterification has become a convenient method for synthesi2ing high alkyl, aryl, or alkyl aryl carbonates. Fiber- and film-forming polycarbonates are produced by transesterifying dialkyl, dicycloalkyl, or diaryl carbonates with alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl dihydroxy compounds (62). 

Additions of other nucleophiles to pyridopyrazines have been described in a number of cases for instance, Grignard reagents give 2,3-dialkyl compounds (398) (or 6-alkyl analogues with 2,3-diaryl compounds) (76BSF251), and other workers have also observed 6-addition <71CR(C)(273)1529). 

Carbon-sulfur bonds can be formed by the reaction of elemental sulfur with a lithio derivative, as illustrated by the preparation of thiophene-2-thiol (201) (700S(50)104). If dialkyl or diaryl disulfides are used as reagents to introduce sulfur, then alkyl or aryl sulfides are formed sulfinic acids are available by reaction of lithium derivatives with sulfur dioxide. 

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