Vitamin E and Cardiovascular Disease

Fraser D R1995 Vitamin D. Lancet 345 104-107 Greenberg E R, Spom M B1996 Antioxidant vitamins, cancer and cardiovascular disease. New England Journal of Medicine 334 1198-1190 Humphrey J H, Rice A L 2000 Vitamin A supplementation in young infants. Lancet 356 422-424... 

Data about the preventive effect of vitamin E on cardiovascular diseases are corttradictory. Observational studies showed that the consumption of vitamin E reduces the risk, but large interventional studies involving thousands of people could not verify this. The latter test types are more rehable in general. Similarly ambiguous is the relationship between vitamin E and cancer. There are numerous positive interventional studies, but an especially significant test showed that high... 

BLUM, S., VARDI, M., BROWN, J. B., RUSSELL, A., MILMAN, U., SHAPIRA, C., LEVY, N. S., MILLER-LOTAN, R., ASLEH, R. LEVY, A. P. 2010. Vitamin E reduces cardiovascular disease in individuals with diabetes mellitus and the haptoglobin 2-2 genotype. Pharmacogenomics, 11, 675-84. 

Danik, J.S. and Manson, J.E. 2012. Vitamin d and cardiovascular disease. Current treatment options in cardiovascular medicine, 14(A), 414-24. 

The a-tocopherol, P-carotene (ATBC) Cancer Prevention study was a randomised-controlled trial that tested the effects of daily doses of either 50 mg (50 lU) vitamin E (all-racemic a-tocopherol acetate), or 20 mg of P-carotene, or both with that of a placebo, in a population of more than 29,000 male smokers for 5-8 years. No reduction in lung cancer or major coronary events was observed with any of the treatments. What was more startling was the unexpected increases in risk of death from lung cancer and ischemic heart disease with P-carotene supplementation (ATBC Cancer Prevention Study Group, 1994). Increases in the risk of both lung cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality were also observed in the P-carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET), which tested the effects of combined treatment with 30 mg/d P-carotene and retinyl pahnitate (25,000 lU/d) in 18,000 men and women with a history of cigarette smoking or occupational exposure to asbestos (Hennekens et al, 1996). 

OMENN G S, GOODMAN G E, THORNQUIST M D, BALMES J, CULLEN M R, GLASS A, KEOGH J P, MEYSKENS F L, VALANIS B, WILLIAMS J H, BARNHART S and HAMMAR S (1996) Effects of a combination of beta-carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N EnglJ Med 1150-1155. 

ACE drinks, containing beta-carotene (vitamin A precursor) and vitamins C and E. These materials are antioxidants and there is evidence that eliminating free radicals in the body will protect against cancer and cardiovascular diseases, particularly in older people. Suggested levels to... 

Vitamin E has received much publicity as one of several antioxidants that may be useful in treating a variety of disorders, including cardiovascular disease. Vitamin E may inhibit the oxidation of reduced vitamin K. Vitamin K oxidation is necessary for carboxylation of vitamin-K-dependent clotting factors, which must occur for these clotting factors to be fully functional. Increased prothrombin times, induced by combined vitamin E and warfarin therapy, may be managed by discontinuing vitamin E and, if necessary, by administering vitamin K. 

Rotterdam 6 yr 5395 M-F High intakes of vitamin E and C are associated with a lower risk of Alzheimer disease activity is more evident in smokers high intakes of /3-carotene may protect against cardiovascular disease (201,202)... 

A rich source of iron and vitamins C and A, parsley also yields fatty acids and an essential or volatile oil. The essential oil of the leaves is considered superior to that from the seeds and is used in condiments and seasonings. Parsley seed oil is used in fragrances for perfumes, soaps and creams. Parsley has a very high content of vitamins (/i-carotene, thiamin, riboflavin and vitamins C and E) and is a rich source of calcium, iron and folate (Athar et al., 1999). A high proportion of the carotene is 9-cis-P-carotene, which is considered effective against cancer and cardiovascular disease (Ben-Amotz and Fishier, 1998). 

Possibly beneficial effects of intakes more than adequate to meet requirements the promotion of optimumhealth and life expectancy. There is evidence that relatively high intakes of vitamin E and possibly other antioxidant nutrients (Section 4.6.2) may reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and some forms of cancer. High intake of folate during early pregnancy reduces the risk of neural tube defects in the fetus (Section 10.9.4). 

Trans-resveratrol (trans-3,5,4 -trihydroxystilbene) is a non-flavonoid polyphenol found in grapes, mulberries, and other food prod-ucts. It is responsible for the antioxidant activity of red wine. Intake of moderate amount of red wine has been found to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. In addition to antioxidant activity, resveratrol could inhibit platelet aggregation, and showed anticancer activity. The phenoxyl radicals of resveratrol produced during oxidation by hydroxyl radicals, one-electron oxidants, and peroxyl radicals showed absorption maximum at 410 nm (Fig. I). Reports indicate that trans-resveratrol is a better radical scavenger than vitamins E and C and its activity is similar to that of the flavonoids epicatechin and quercetin. From the comparison of the spectral and kinetic properties of the transients derived from trans-resveratrol and its analogues, it could be concluded that in the neutral and acidic solutions, the para-hydroxy... 

LDLs (low-density lipopnitEtins), 312,331 alhemsclerosis and. 358-369 cardiovascular disease and, 361-365, 37D damaged, 358 drugs to lowet 369 Mediterranean diet, 364-365 vitamin E and, 634-636 Lead poisoning, 755 Lean body mass, 446... 

A number of studies have suggested an association between elevated plasma vitamin E levels and reduced risk for cardiovascular disease (Bonithon-Kopp et ah, 1997 Gey, 1998 Rimm et ah, 1993 Stampfer et ah, 1993). The task of the nutritionist attempting to correlate vitamin intake with cardiovascular disease is complicated by the fact that different food oils contain different amounts of the various toco-pherols. Olive oil contains about 120 mg a-tocopherol/kg oil soybean oil (70 mg a-tocopherol and 900 mg y-tocopherol/kg) safflower oil (340 mg a-tocopherol and 35 mg y-tocopherol/kg) and wheat germ oil (1500 mg a-tocopherol and 800 mg y-tocopherol/kg) (Chase et ah, 1994 McLaughlin and Weihrauch, 1979). Most of the vitamin E present in blood plasma is a-tocopherol (rather than y-tocopherol, for example) because of the influence of a-tocopherol transfer protein. Most of the plasma vitamin E resides in the LDLs. A paradox seems to present itself where people who have elevated LDLs (and who are more at risk for cardiovascular disease) should also have elevated a-tocopherol (and possibly be at lesser risk for cardiovascular disease). This paradox can be avoided by expressing plasma a-to-copherol levels as a-tocopherol/cholesterol (Gey, 1998). 

Christen WG, Gaziano J, Hennekens CH. 2000. Design of Physicians Health Study Il-a randomized trial of beta-carotene, vitamins E and C, and multivitamins, in prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and eye disease, and review of results of completed trials. Ann. Epidemiol. 10 125-34... 

Compelling support for the involvement of free radicals in disease development comes from epidemiological studies showing that an enhanced antioxidant status is associated with reduced risk of several diseases. Vitamin E and prevention of cardiovascular disease is a notable example. Elevated antioxidant status is also associated with decreased incidence of cataracts and cancer, and some recent reports have suggested an inverse correlation between antioxidant status and occurrence of rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes... 

Seaweeds are a good source of some water- (Bj, B2, B,2, C) and fat-soluble (P-carotene with vitamin A activity, vitamin E) vitamins. To ensure that the adequate intake of all vitamins is received in the diet, people (especially peopleon specialdiet, strict vegetarians, and vegans) can consume foods enriched with vitamins, for example, in the form of functional foods with vitamins as nutraceuticals, extracted from natural sources such as seaweeds. Seaweed vitamins are important not only due to their biochemical functions and antioxidant activity but also due to other health benefits such as decreasing of blood pressure (vitamin C), prevention of cardiovascular diseases (P-carotene), or reducing the risk of cancer (vitamins E and C, carotenoids). 

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