Food oils

M. T. GiUies, Shortenings, Margarines and Food Oils, Noyes Data Corp., Park Ridge, N.J., 1974, 330 pp. 

Liquid food ingredients encapsulated are typically oil-soluble flavors, spices (see Flavors and spices), and vitamins (qv). Even food oils and fats are encapsulated (63). These core materials normally are encapsulated with a water-soluble shell material appHed by spray drying from water, but fat shell formulations are used occasionally. Preferred water-soluble shell materials are gum arabic, modified starch, or blends of these polymers with maltodextrins. Vitamins are encapsulated with 2ero bloom strength gelatin by spray drying. 

G. J. W. Goudappel, J. P. M. van Duyn-hoven, M. M. W. Mooren 2001, (Measurement of oil droplet size distributions in food oil/water emulsions by time domain pulsed field gradient NMR), /. Colloid Interface Sci. 239, 535. 

Soxtherm can be used for a variety of substrates, such as plasticisers, and additives in plastics and rubber, fibre and textile coatings, colorants on textiles, fat in food, oils and lubricants, fertiliser coatings, etc. Specific reports are scarce. EPA method 3541 has adopted automated Soxhlet extraction [151]. 

Lawson H. 1995. Food oils and fats Technology, utilization, and nutrition. New York, NY Chapman Hall. 

Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)) production is based on transesterification of vegetable oils and fats through the addition of methanol (or other alcohols) and a catalyst, giving glycerol as a by-product (which can be used for cosmetics, medicines and food). Oil-seed crops include rapeseeds, sunflower seeds, soy beans and palm oil seeds, from which the oil is extracted chemically or mechanically. Biodiesel can be used in 5%-20% blends with conventional diesel, or even in pure form, which requires slight modifications in the vehicle. 

Paper fiber removal in the pulp and paper industries Oils, greases, and other fats in food, oil refinery, and laundry wastes Clarification of chemically treated waters in potable water production Sewage sludge treatment... 

So, clustering techniques have been used for classification. Piepponen et al. applied a hierarchical cluster analysis (CLUSTAN) to the classification of food oils (groundnut, soya, sunflower and maize) by their fatty acid composition. The dendrogram of the distances shows four weU-separated clusters. Some suspect commercial samples of sunflower oil fall near the cluster of soya oils, so far from the clainud class that they cannot be consider i genuine. 

Notes Demulsifies food oils rapidly with no treatment Formula LF-101... 

Soil - Floor wax, food oil and grease, particulates Surface - Polymeric flooring Application Method - Wipe or mop... 

Foams have a wide variety of applications that exploit Iheir different physical properties. The luw density, or high volume fraction of gas. enable foams to float on top of other fluids and to till large volumes with relatively little fluid material. These features are of particular importance in iheir use lor lire lighting. The very high internal surface area of foams makes them useful in many separation processes. The unique rheology of foams also results in a wide variety of uses, as a foam can behave as a solid, while slill being able to flow once its yield stress is exceeded. Foams are used in food, oil recovery, detergents, textiles, and cosmetics. 

E-L Syvaoja, V Piironen, P Varo, P Koivistoinen, K Salminen. Tocopherols and tocotrienols in Finnish foods oils and fats. J Amer Oil Chem Soc 63 328-329, 1986. 

Arachis (groundnut, peanut) Arachis hypogaea (Leguminosae/ Fabaceae) seed 45-55 oleic (35-72), linoleic (13-43), palmitic (7-16), stearic (1-7), behenic (1-5), arachidic (1-3) food oil, emollient base... 

Sesame Sesamum indicum (Pedaliaceae) seed 44-54 oleic (35-50), linoleic (35-50), palmitic (7-12), stearic (4-6) food oil, soaps, solvent for injections, carrier oil (aromatherapy)... 

Soya (soybean) Glycine max (Leguminosae/ Fabaceae) seed 18-20 linoleic (44-62%), oleic (19-30), palmitic (7-14), a-linolenic (4-11), stearic (1-5) food oil, dietary supplement, carrier oil (aromatherapy) Soya oil contains substantial amounts of the sterols sitosterol and stigmasterol (see page 256)... 

ExxonMobil is now licensing this technology to other refineries. Development of similar applications in other operations is likely. Initially, applications will probably involve relatively easy separations such as the separation of methyl ethyl ketone/toluene from lube oil described above or soybean oil from hexane in food oil production. Long-term, however, the technology may become sufficiently advanced to be used in more important refining operations, such as fractionation... 

The literature on epidemiologic findings is surveyed in other chapters of this book and elsewhere ( 5-7). As a summary, studies on food poisoning episodes have shown that the ingestion of alkylmercury and food oil contaminated by technical polychlorinated biphenyls leads to congenital defects in the offspring. It also appears to be relatively well proven that... 

Table 11-7 Effect of flavor components on migration at high temperature. Migration of Irganox 1076 from HDPE into aqueous solutions and food oils at 121 °C, 2 hours.

In most, though not all, cases there is no way that an average or sophisticated consumer could ever know, without scientific testing, that a non-authentic oil was not what it claimed to be. Indeed, at least with bulk food oils, such as corn, sunflower etc., a low level (e.g. 1%) of another oil being present would often be accepted in a product as being probably due to accidental mixing in the refining... 

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