Viruses diseases caused

Tulip breaking, the oldest example of a plant virus disease, caused by the TBV potyvirus, provides one of the best examples of how a pathogen, can interfere with the accumulation of anthocyanins, inducing the legendary tulipmania in... 

Turbidity n/a Tt3 Turbidity, a measure of water cloudiness, is used to indicate water quality and filtration effectiveness (e.g., whether disease-causing organisms are present). Higher turbidity is associated with higher levels of microorganisms such as viruses, parasites and some bacteria. These organisms can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and associated headaches. Soil runoff... 

Viruses The causative agent of many infectious diseases. 

Influenza is an acute viral disease caused by Influenza A (sporadic, epidemic, and pandemic) or B (sporadic outbreaks) virus. Symptoms typically occur suddenly and include high fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, sore throat, and malaise. Serious complications can be caused by bacterial superinfection of the respiratory tract. 

Active immunization of individuals 2 months of age and older against disease caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV)... 

Abstract This review provides an overview of the development of viral protease inhibitors as antiviral drugs. We concentrate on HlV-1 protease inhibitors, as these have made the most significant advances in the recent past. Thus, we discuss the biochemistry of HlV-1 protease, inhibitor development, clinical use of inhibitors, and evolution of resistance. Since many different viruses encode essential proteases, it is possible to envision the development of a potent protease inhibitor for other viruses if the processing site sequence and the catalytic mechanism are known. At this time, interest in developing inhibitors is Umited to viruses that cause chronic disease, viruses that have the potential to cause large-scale epidemics, or viruses that are sufQciently ubiquitous that treating an acute infection would be... 

The identification of inhibitors of virus subunit assembly has been an objective of virologists for several years but it is only recently that papers have been published that demonstrate the validity of this approach to antiviral chemotherapy. It is hoped that the information provided by the compounds described above will provide the foundation for the generation of potent antiviral drugs to combat diseases caused by HIV, HBV and other viruses. 

There is a dark side to receptor-mediated endocyto-sis in that viruses which cause such diseases as hepatitis (affecting liver cells), poliomyelitis (affecting motor neurons), and AIDS (affecting T cells) initiate their damage by this mechanism. Iron toxicity also begins with excessive uptake due to endocytosis. 

Haemophilus influenzae owes its specific name to the fact that it was thought to be the causal organism of influenza (now known to be a virus disease) as it was often isolated in cases ofinfluenza. It is the main cause ofinfantile meningitis and conjunctivitis and is one of the most important causes of chronic bronchitis. 

Human viruses will cause disease in other animals. Some are capable of infecting only a few closely related primate species, others will infect a wide range of mammals. Under the conditions of natural infection vimses generally exhibit a considerable degree of tissue specificity. The influenza vims, for example, replicates only in the cells lining the upper respiratory tract. 

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Enveloped, icosahedral particles 150nm in diameter CMV is generally acquired in childhood as a subclinical infection. About 50% of adults carry the virus in a dormant state in white blood cells. The virus can cause severe disease (pneumonia, hepatitis, encephalitis) in immunocompromised patients. Primary infections during pregnancy can induce serious congenital abnormalities in the fetus... 

Synagis Pavilizumab Medimmune Prophylaxis of lower respiratory tract disease caused by RSV virus in pediatric patients... 

There are known to be about 30,000 disease-causing agents (fungi, viruses, nematodes, bacteria) in 3,000 types of cultivated plants. More than 10,000 species of arthropods (insects, ticks, arachnids) affect agricultural plants and animals. Along with agriculture, pesticides are also widely used in forestry and fisheries, in energy and railroads (to clear plants), in construction (to protect wood structures), etc. 

Some diseases caused by viruses are communicable and easily transferred from an infected individual to anyone in close proximity. Typically, this occurs when the infected individual coughs or sneezes creating an infectious aerosol. These aerosols enter the body of a new host through inhalation and /or contact of the aerosol with the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, or mouth. In addition, although intact skin is an effective barrier against most pathogens, abrasions, or lacerations circumvents this protective barrier and allows entry of the pathogen into the body. 

A number of animal diseases caused by viruses involve primary demyelination and often are associated with inflammation 641... 

A number of animal diseases caused by viruses involve primary demyelination and often are associated with inflammation. These diseases are studied as animal models, which may provide clues about how a viral infection could lead to immune-mediated demyelination in humans [1, 5, 6]. Canine distemper virus causes a demyelinating disease, and the lesions in dog brain show a strong inflammatory response with some similarities to acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in man [ 1 ]. Visna is a slowly progressive demyelinating disease of sheep caused by a retrovirus [ 1 ]. 

The concentrations of nitrite or nitrate in the sera of patients infected with H IV-1 are substantially raised, especially in those with low CD4 cell counts [118]. However, during HIV-1 infection, it is difficult to find out whether the NO production is attributable to virus replication or to opportunistic infections, or both. In vitro there is a substantial rise in nitrite concentrations from blood mononuclear cells and polymorphonuclear leucocytes from patients with AIDS, especially in those with neurological disorders and pulmonary disease caused by intracellular opportunistic pathogens [121]. Interestingly, the serum concentrations of nitrate are positively correlated with plasma and cell-associated viral loads, which suggests that HIV-1 may induce NO synthesis in vivo [119]. However, the results clearly show that there is a close relation between viral replication and iNOS expression or peaks of plasma nitrate in the absence of any opportunistic infections, in either in macaques or infected patients [119, 122, 123]. 

Venezuelan equine encephalitis Influenza-like disease caused by a virus leading to neurologic complications. 

Disease caused Variations of virus Incubation period Routes of exposure Person-to-person transmissibility Vaccines available... 

Ideally, the most effective prevention of HIV infection would be a vaccine that blocks virus infection in individuals. Indeed, effective vaccines have been developed against most human viruses that cause serious diseases. While several different possible vaccines against HIV are under development, there are some theoretical reasons why it may be difficult to develop an effective one. First, HIV has the unique ability to evade the immune system in an infected individual. Briefly, this results from (1) the high mutation rate of the virus, particularly in the env gene (2) the ability of the virus to establish a latent state in some cells and (3) the ability of the virus to spread by cell-to-cell contact. The object of the vaccine is to raise a protective immune response to the infectious agent. Since HIV evades the immune system so efficiently, it may be difficult for a vaccine to prevent HIV infection in an individual, even if it can induce production of neutralizing antibodies or cell-mediated immunity. 

The disease known as acquired immune deficiency S5mdrome (AIDS) was first reported in 1981, and the virus that causes it continues to create formidable challenges to the biomedical research and public health communities around the world. Globally, about 14,000 individuals are newly infected daily with one of the nine known subtypes of human immunodeficiency vims (HIV) that cause AIDS. Cumulatively, as of the year 2004, the vims has infected more than 70 million individuals, killing about 30 million and leaving another 40 million with an infection that is ultimately fatal. More than 90% of these infections have occurred in the developing world, where access to antiretroviral therapy is minimal. 

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