Viable development

Drilling Jackets are small steel platform structures which are used in areas of shallow and calm water. A number of wells may be drilled from one jacket. If a jacket is too small to accommodate a drilling operation, a jack-up rig (see below) is usually cantilevered over the jacket and the operation carried out from there. Once a viable development has been proven It is extremely cost effective to build and operate jackets in a shallow... 

Federation of Civil Engineering Associations of the Mexican Republic (FECIC) http //www. fecic.org.mx/ (accessed June 9, 2010). The society, working with the schools and compatible associations, works to develop civil engineering in Mexico in order to contribute to the viable development of their society. 

Having defined and gathered data adequate for an initial reserves estimation, the next step is to look at the various options to develop the field. The objective of the feasibility study is to document various technical options, of which at least one should be economically viable. The study will contain the subsurface development options, the process design, equipment sizes, the proposed locations (e.g. offshore platforms), and the crude evacuation and export system. The cases considered will be accompanied by a cost estimate and planning schedule. Such a document gives a complete overview of all the requirements, opportunities, risks and constraints. 

Based on the results of the feasibility study, and assuming that at least one option is economically viable, a field development plan can now be formulated and subsequently executed. The plan is a key document used for achieving proper communication, discussion and agreement on the activities required for the development of a new field, or extension to an existing development. 

Offshore, subsea satellite development may be a viable alternative to ERD wells. 

In the feasibility phase the project is tested as a concept. Is it technically feasible and is it economically viable There may be a number of ways to perform a particular task (such as develop an oil field) and these have to be judged against economic criteria, availability of resources, and risk. At this stage estimates of cost and income (production) profiles will carry a considerable uncertainty range, but are used to filter out unrealistic options. Several options may remain under consideration at the end of a feasibility study. 

Nonnal spontaneous Raman scahering suffers from lack of frequency precision and thus good spectral subtractions are not possible. Another limitation to this technique is that high resolution experiments are often difficult to perfomi [39]. These shortcomings have been circumvented by the development of Fourier transfomi (FT) Raman spectroscopy [40]. FT Raman spectroscopy employs a long wavelength laser to achieve viable interferometry. 

The full dynamical treatment of electrons and nuclei together in a laboratory system of coordinates is computationally intensive and difficult. However, the availability of multiprocessor computers and detailed attention to the development of efficient software, such as ENDyne, which can be maintained and debugged continually when new features are added, make END a viable alternative among methods for the study of molecular processes. Eurthemiore, when the application of END is compared to the total effort of accurate determination of relevant potential energy surfaces and nonadiabatic coupling terms, faithful analytical fitting and interpolation of the common pointwise representation of surfaces and coupling terms, and the solution of the coupled dynamical equations in a suitable internal coordinates, the computational effort of END is competitive. 

A. E. Broderick (Union Carbide). HEC did not become a viable commercial product until the early 1960s. In addition to the general production problems and market development costs, new products face a variety of environmental controls in the 1990s that add more constraints to market development. None the less two more recentiy developed water-soluble polymers have achieved limited market acceptance and are described below. 

Although acrylonitrile manufacture from propylene and ammonia was first patented in 1949 (30), it was not until 1959, when Sohio developed a catalyst capable of producing acrylonitrile with high selectivity, that commercial manufacture from propylene became economically viable (1). Production improvements over the past 30 years have stemmed largely from development of several generations of increasingly more efficient catalysts. These catalysts are multicomponent mixed metal oxides mostly based on bismuth—molybdenum oxide. Other types of catalysts that have been used commercially are based on iron—antimony oxide, uranium—antimony oxide, and tellurium-molybdenum oxide. 

Other Metals. Because of the large number of chemical extractants available, virtually any metal can be extracted from its aqueous solution. In many cases extraction has been developed to form part of a viable process (275). A review of more recent developments in metal extraction including those for precious metals and rare earths is also available (262). In China a complex extraction process employing a cascade of 600 mixer—settlers has been developed to treat leach Hquor containing a mixture of rare earths (131). 

There are many technical problems to be considered when developing a new commercial and viable filter. However, the filtration hardware in itself is not enough, as the control of a continuous pressure filter is much more difficult than that of its equivalents in vacuum filtration the necessary development may also include an automatic, computerized control system. This moves pressure filtration from low to medium or even high technology. Disk Filters. 

Although these composite fibers were developed for reverse osmosis their acceptance in the desalination industry has been limited due to insufficient selectivity and oxidative stabiUty. The concept, however, is extremely viable composite membrane fiat films made from interfacial polymerisation (20) have gained wide industry approval. HoUow fibers using this technique to give equivalent properties and life, yet to be developed, should be market tested during the 1990s. 

Research and development programs have been initiated by the cellular plastics industry to develop viable substitute blowing agents. These must have similar or improved properties to their CFC counterparts at a reasonable cost. Emphasis was initially placed on HCFC 123 and HCFC 141b, both having much shorter lifetimes and considerably less effect (up to 50 times) on o2one layer depletion (22). However, various options, including gas mixtures, water, or CO2 blown foams, continue to be studied ultimately to eliminate all CFCs and HCFCs. 

The initial research effort may prove to be a broad spectmm of apphcations or solutions to the original problem that in turn provide any number of inventions. When efforts move toward reducing the invention to practice and refining the invention so that it proves to be commercially marketable, certain apphcations may prove to be unfeasible or commercially impractical. As a result, only one apphcation, eg, the creation of a given pattern on the surface of the automobile tire, may ultimately prove commercially marketable. However, ah the solutions which are developed and considered over the research and development process may comprise inventions that are worthy of disclosure and claiming in a patent. An apphcation which is not commercially viable today may become viable within the seventeen-year lifetime of a patent. 

Researchers at Phillips Petroleum Company developed a commercially viable process for the synthesis of PPS involving the polymerization of /)-dich1orohenzene and a sodium sulfide source in a polar organic compound at elevated temperature and pressure. This Phillips process was patented in 1967 (18). Between 1967 and 1973, Phillips built and operated a pilot plant, estabhshed market demand, and constmcted a hiU-scale commercial plant. In 1973, the world s first PPS plant came on-stream in Phillips faciUty in Borger, Texas. 

Two catalysts have emerged as commercially viable. The Mobil—Badger ethylbenzene process, which has been in commercial use since 1980, employs a ZeoHte catalyst and operates in the gas phase. A Hquid-phase ethylbenzene process joindy Hcensed by Lummus and UOP uses a Y-type ZeoHte catalyst developed by Unocal. This Hquid-phase process was commercialized in 1990. The same Y-type ZeoHte catalyst used for the production of ethylbenzene is being offered for the production of cumene but has not yet been commercialized. 

Prior to 1975, reaction of mixed butenes with syn gas required high temperatures (160—180°C) and high pressures 20—40 MPa (3000—6000 psi), in the presence of a cobalt catalyst system, to produce / -valeraldehyde and 2-methylbutyraldehyde. Even after commercialization of the low pressure 0x0 process in 1975, a practical process was not available for amyl alcohols because of low hydroformylation rates of internal bonds of isomeric butenes (91,94). More recent developments in catalysts have made low pressure 0x0 process technology commercially viable for production of low cost / -valeraldehyde, 2-methylbutyraldehyde, and isovaleraldehyde, and the corresponding alcohols in pure form. The producers are Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastic Company Inc., BASF, Hoechst AG, and BP Chemicals. 

Coating technology has developed extensively since the 1980s. In this article, emphasis is given to those processes which have proven to be commercially viable or to processes that have undergone extensive development in the 1990s. 

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