Vascular reactions

Juhhn L, Michaelsson G Vascular reactions in hereditary angioneurotic edema. Acta Derm Venereol 1969 40 20-25. 

The sequel to acute injury depends on the potency and concentration of the toxic agent and the duration of exposure. Potent gases produce a severe vascular reaction and alveolar flooding. The fluid prevents gaseous exchange, and death of the human or animal ensues. After acute mild nonlethal damage, excess fluid is removed and the resistant Type II cells proliferate and reline the alveoli. The cells subsequently differentiate into Type I cells. 

Urticaria. A vascular reactions, usually transient, involving the upper dermis, representing localized edema, caused by dilatation and increased permeability of capillaries, and marked by the development of wheals. 

Long-term treatment with glucocorticoids can cause arteritis, but patients with rheumatoid arthritis have a special susceptibility to vascular reactions, and cases of periarteritis nodosa after withdrawal of long-term glucocorticoids have been reported (34). 

Therapy with iloprost is usually started with a dosage of 0.5 nanogram/kg/minute and increased in increments until either minor vascular reactions occur or a dosage of 2 nanograms/kg/minute has been reached. The optimal total dose remains to be established. 

De Scheerder I, Wang K, Wilczek K, et al, Local methylpred-nisolone inhibition of foreign body response to coated intracoronary stents, Coronary Artery Dis 1996 7 161-166. Baker J, Nikolaychik V Zulich A, et al, Fibrin coated stents as depot to deliver RGD peptide inhibit vascular reaction in atherosclerosis rabbit model [abstr], J Am Coll Cardiol I 996 27 197A,... 

Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin marked by the appearance of wheals may be caused by direct or indirect exposure to a toxic substance. Also known as hives. 

Women taking oral contraceptives and pregnant women are more susceptible to the vasospastic effects of the ergot alkaloids, as are patients in shock, with sepsis, and with Raynaud s disease or Buerger s disease. The risk of severe vascular reactions is increased in the presence of peripheral vascular disease or when sympathomimetic agents are given at the same time. 

The adverse effects of tetrachloroethylene are similar to those of carbon tetrachloride (CQ4), but less severe. Tetrachloroethylene is hepatotoxic and neurotoxic, but gastrointestinal disturbance is the only common adverse effect when it is used carefully. There is some risk of addiction to the inhaled vapor inhalation can result in vascular reactions, loss of consciousness, pulmonary edema, and fatal hepatic and renal damage. Alcohol and fatty foods increase absorption and hepatic toxicity. Exposure to tetrachloroethylene has been known to lead to vinyl chloride disease. Allergic reactions have not been reported. 

Urticaria induced by drugs is, after exanthems, the second most common type of drug reaction. Urticaria, or hives, is a vascular reaction of the skin characterized by pruritic, erythematous wheals. These welts - or wheals - caused by localized edema, can vary in size from one millimeter in diameter to large palm-sized swellings, favor the covered areas (trunk, buttocks, chest), and are, more often than not, generalized. Urticaria usually develops within 36 hours fol-... 

Gehl, J., Skovsgaard, T., and Mir, L.M. (2002) Vascular reactions to in vivo electroporation characterization and consequences for drug and gene delivery. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1569,... 

Algire GH, Chalkely HW, Legallais FY, Park H. Vascular reactions of normal and malignant tumors in vivo I. Vascular reactions of mice to wounds and to normal and neoplastic transplants. J Natl Cancer Inst 1945 6 73-85. 

The regeneration of normal filament structure of restored tissues was observed by immunohistochemical methods after PHB devices implantation [66]. The immunohistochemical demonstration of cytokeratine, an intermediate filament, which is a constituent of epithelial and mesodermal cells, agreed with observations on intact mesothelium. Heparin sulfate proteoglycan, a marker of basement membrane, was also identified [66]. However, in spite of good tissue reaction to implantation of cardiovascular PHB patches, PHB endovascular stents in the rabbit iliac arteria caused intensive inflammatory vascular reactions [80]. 

Barth KH, Strandberg JD, Kaufman SL et al (1978) Chronic vascular reactions to steel coil occlusion devices. Am J Roentgenol 131 455-458... 

Rajka G (1974) Transepidermal water loss on the hands in atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol Forsch 251 111-115 Reed JT, Ghadially R, Elias PM (1995) Skin type but neither race nor gender, influence epidermal permeability barrier function. Arch Dermatol 131 1134-1138 Reed WB, Kierland RR, Code CF (1958) Vascular reactions in chronically inflamed skin. Ill Action of histamine, the histamine releaser 48-80 and monoethanolamine nicotinate (Nicamin). Arch Dermatol 77 263-268 Reinertson R, Wheatley V (1959) Studies on the chemical composition of human epidermal lipids. J Invest Dermatol 32 49-58 Rietschel RL (1995) Physiologic response of chronically inflamed and accommodated human skin. Curr Probl Dermatol 23 104-107... 

Juhlin L, Michaelsson G (1969) Cutaneous vascular reactions to prostaglandins in healthy subjects and in patients with urticaria and atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 49 251-261... 

Although the factors in the blood probably play a central role in blood coagulation, other factors—the platelet count and vascular reaction—are involved in controlling hemostasis. Consequently, hemorrhagic disease may result from interference with the activity of one or more factors involved in blood coagulation, from absent platelets, or from vascular disorders. At this point, we will only discuss those hemorrhagic diseases that result from transient reduction of coagulating factors. 

Volova et al. ° reported that PHB sutures implanted intramuscularly do not produce any adverse effect on physiological, biochemical, and functional parameters of the animal. Monofilament sutures made of high purity PHB provide necessary strength of suture throughout the period of wound healing. These sutures do not cause any acute vascular reaction at the site of implantation. 

E.P.Benditt, S.Bader and K.B.Lam, Studies of the Mechanism of Acute Vascular Reactions to Injury. I. The Relationship of Mast Cells and Histamine to the Production of Edema by Ovomucoid in Rats, A.M.A. Archs Path. 60, 104-115 (1955). 

Angioedema (Quincke s edema), which is seen less often than urticaria but often accompanies it, is a vascular reaction resulting in swelling of the face (Fig. 2.3) around the mouth, in the mucosa of the mouth, throat and tongue, eyelids, genitalia, and occasionally involving the hands and elsewhere (Fig. 2.1). Swelling, which can be itchy and painful, is the result of increased permeability and... 

In 1907 Windaus and Vogt completed the first chemical synthesis of histamine and soon after Sir Henry Dale and coworkers began investigations that showed that histamine was a powerful vasodepressant, it stimulated smooth muscle from the gut and respiratory tract and caused shock when injected into laboratory animals mimicking the systemic effects of anaphylaxis. These early results were followed by demonstration of the involvement of histamine in vascular reactions of the skin and the observation that morphine caused the so-called triple response in human skin, that is, the event sequence of an initial red spot followed by a red irregular flare and a fluid-filled wheal. Over 30 years later antihistamines were shown to reduce morphine-induced skin wheals, and histamine itself was detected in effluents of isolated perfused cat gastrocnemius muscle after arterial injection of opium alkaloids. Released histamine was also detected in cat skin, and raised levels were found in plasma after intravenous injection of morphine. 

At present the results of research on the influence of amines indigenous to the body on the microcirculation have been obtained under such widely divergent experimental conditions (animal species, test region, technique of observation, anaesthesia, method of injection, etc.) that they can only be compared with difficulty. This applies especially to estimates of the so-called threshold concentration, i.e. the smallest amount of an amine which will produce a vascular reaction. 

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