In vivo electroporation

Heller LC, Heller R (2006) In vivo electroporation for gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther 17 890-897... 

Shibata, M.A., J. Morimoto, and Y. Otsuki, Suppression of murine mammary carcinoma growth and metastasis by HSVtk/GCV gene therapy using in vivo electroporation. Cancer Gene Ther, 2002. 9(1) 16-27. 

Nakano, A., A. Matsumori, S. Kawamoto, H. Tahara, E. Yamato, S. Sasayama, and J.I. Miyazaki, Cytokine gene therapy for myocarditis by in vivo electroporation. Hum Gene Ther, 2001.12(10) 1289-97. 

Lucas, M.L., L. Heller, D. Coppola, and R. Heller, IL-12 plasmid delivery by in vivo electroporation for the successful treatment of established subcutaneous B16.F10 melanoma. Mol Ther, 2002. 5(6) 668-75. 

Zhang L, Nolan E, Rreitschitz S, Rabussay D. Enhanced delivery of naked DNA to the skin by non-invasive in vivo electroporation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) (General Subjects) 2002 1572 1-9. 

Titomirov, A.V., Sukharev, S. and Kistanova, E. (1991) In vivo electroporation and stable transformation of skin cells of newborn mice by plasmid DNA. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1088,131-134. 

Figure 18.4 Pulse generator and applicator electrode for in vivo electroporation. The applicator electrode shown here consists of six needles and is used for intra-tumoral and intra-muscular applications in large animals. Two needle applicator electrodes for use in rodent muscles are commercially available.

Muramatsu, T., Nakamura, A. and Park, H.M. (1998 ) In vivo electroporation A powerful and convenient means ofnon-viral gene transfer to tissues of living animals. Inti. J. Mol. Med., 1, 55-62. 

Nishi, T., Yoshizato, K., Yamashiro, S., Takeshima, H., Sato, K., Hamada, K. etal. (1996) High efficiency in vivo gene transfer using intra arterial plasmid DNA injection following in vivo electroporation. Cancer Res., 56, 1050-1055. 

Dezawa, M., et al. 2002. Gene transfer into retinal ganglion cells by in vivo electroporation A new approach. Micron 33 1. 

Electroporated cells can be used to transfer DNA in bacterial, plant, and mammalian cells. This method offers rapid and efficient incorporation of plasmid and DNA in cells [49]. The in vivo electroporation has been shown to yield enhanced plasmid delivery to a wide range of tissues including muscle, skin, liver, lung, artery, kidney, retina, cornea, spinal cord, brain, synovium, and tumors. The precise mechanisms involved in electroporation applications in vivo are uncertain and require further studies, but appear to involve both electropore formation and an electrophoretic movement of the plasmid DNA. 

Electroporation has been used to increase the transport of charged molecules, such as plasmid DNA, across biological membranes.92,93 After initial permeation, the pores close and plasmid DNA is trapped within the cell. Therefore, electroporation following a tissue injection of plasmid DNA increases the chance of DNA uptake by cells adjacent to the injection site. In vivo electroporation generally increases transgene expression up to 1000-fold compared with injection of naked plasmid DNA without electroporation in tissues such as skin,94 liver 95 melanoma,96 and muscle.97... 

Miklavcic, D., Beravs, K., Semrov, D., Gemazar, M., Demsar, F., and Sersa, G. (1998) The importance of electric field distribution for effective in vivo electroporation of tissues. Biophysical Journal, 74, 2152-2158. 

Gehl, J., Sorensen, T.H., Nielsen, K., Raskmark, P., Nielsen, S.L., Skovsgaard, T., et al. (1999) In vivo electroporation of skeletal muscle threshold, efficacy and relation to electric field distribution. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1428, 233-240. 

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