Nicotine vapor inhaler

Nicotine vapor inhaler Buccal Bupropion Oral tablets Clonidine Oral tablets 6-16 mg/day continuous puffing up to 10 puffs per cartridge maximum of 12 cartridges daily (approx. 120 puffs) Begin at 150 mg/day x 3-7 days then 300 mg/day in twice-per-day dosing 0.6-1.2 mg/day, 2-3 times/day... 

Molander L, Lunell E, Andersson SB, Kuylenstierna F (1996) Dose released and absolute bioavaU-ability of nicotine from a nicotine vapor inhaler, din Pharmacol Ther 59(4) 394 00 Molander L, Hansson A, Lunell E, Alainentalo L, Hoffmann M, Larsson R (2000) Pharmacokinetics of nicotine in kidney failure, din Pharmacol Ther 68(3) 250-260 Molander L, Hansson A, Lunell E (2001) Pharmacokinetics of nicotine in healthy elderly people. Clin Pharmacol Ther 69(l) 57-65... 

Molander L, LuneU E, Andersson SB, Kuylenstiema F (1996) Dose released and absolute bioavaU-abUity of nicotine from a nicotine vapor inhaler. CUn Pharmacol Ther 59 394 00 Murphy JK, Edwards NB, Downs AD, Ackerman BJ, Rosenthal TL (1990) Effects of doxepin on withdrawal symptoms in smoking cessation. Am J Psychiatry 147 1353-1357 Nabi Biopharmaceuticals (2007). Nabi biopharmaceuticals announces positive results of phase Ilb trial of NicVAX. Medical News Today, 3 May 2007. See http //www.medicalnewstoday.com/ articles/69666.php, accessed October 11, 2007... 

In 1997, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. introduced Eclipse, a nicotine delivery device purported to deliver lower levels of smoke toxicants than conventional cigarettes. Eclipse uses a carbon fuel element to vaporize nicotine in the rod the user then inhales the nicotine vapor. Venous plasma nicotine boost among ten smokers... 

Currently approved NRT products include the transdermal nicotine patch and several acute NRT products, including nicotine gum, lozenge, sublingual tablet, vapor inhaler, and nasal spray. The single-dose nicotine plasma curves for transdermal patch, gum, nasal spray, lozenge, as well oral snuff and a cigarette, are illustrated in Fig. 1 (note for the sake of simphcity, the curve for sublingual tablet is not illustrated, but because of the route of nicotine delivery, the plasma curve is qualitatively similar to nicotine gum). 

As shown in Fig. 1, the speed of nicotine uptake in venous blood following several forms of nicotine delivery varies widely, from that of the very slow pattern of nicotine appearance in the blood (several hours to peak level) produced by current transdermal nicotine medications to the explosive rise produced by tobacco smoke inhalation. Nicotine gum, lozenge, tablet, and vapor inhaler can provide more rapid delivery of nicotine than the patch, but the speed and amount obtained are constrained by use patterns. Smokeless tobacco products deliver their nicotine more rapidly than nicotine gum and with less physical effort, but are still slower than cigarettes in their nicotine dehvery. 

Schneider NG, Jarvik ME, Forsythe AB (1984) Nicotine vs, placebo gum in the alleviation of withdrawal during smoking cessation. Addict Behav 9 149-156 Schuh KJ, Schuh LM, Henningfield JE, Stitzer ML (1997) Nicotine nasal spray and vapor inhaler abuse liability assessment. Psychopharmacology 130 352-361 Schuster CR, Henningfield J (2003) Conference on abuse liability assessment of CNS drugs. Drug Alcohol Depend 70 S1-S4... 

Dehvery via a transdermal patch provides a sustained plasma nicotine concentration, typically lower than venous blood concentrations after tobacco smoking (Figure 122.2). On the other hand, a nasal spray and a vapor inhaler provide immediate 10-fold higher arterial blood concentrations immediately following inhalation compared to venous concentrations after a nicotine patch application. 

The importance of tobacco includes both those constituents in smoke that may interact with nicotine directly, as well as those that indirectly influence a smoker s perception and behaviors. For example, some tobacco smoke constituents may alter the site of absorption of nicotine, such as bronchodilators (e.g., cocoa, licorice), which allow deeper inhalation and subsequent deposition of constituents in more highly permeable areas of the respiratory tract. Likewise, product changes to alter or control particle size, or to provide particulate carriers for vapor-phase smoke constituents, also could facilitate changes at the site of absorption (Ingebrethsen 1993). This would also include the use of acids or bases to alter the form of nicotine and basicity of smoke. Again, a wide range of relevant findings is indicated by internal documents (Ferris Wayne et al. 2006 Keithly et al. 2005 Pankow 2001). 

Develop a model of the burning of a cigarette. The primary reactions can be regarded as the burning of sohd carbon to CO2 in excess O2 and to CO if oxygen deficient. In the absence of O2 the tobacco pyrolyzes to carbon with the vaporization of tars and nicotine, which for unexplained reasons some people like to inhale into their lungs. 

Ocular exposure to vapor causes miosis, conjunctival hyperemia, and eye pain within one to several minutes. Signs can last 2 to 3 days. Liquid tabun penetrates the eye quickly and can result in death nearly as rapidly as an inhalational lethal dose (1 to 10 min) (EPA, 1985c). Ingestion of the liquid causes muscarinic, nicotinic, and CNS signs about 30 min after mild exposures. The signs can last several hours up to 2 to 5 days depending on the amount of exposure. 

Inhalant abuse is also termed volatile solvent abuse. It should be noted that many drugs besides those classified as inhalants can be administered by inhalation, including marijuana, cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, fentanyl patches, and nicotine. These drugs are not volatile solvents and have different physical and chemical properties therefore, they are not classified as inhalants. Inhalants are chemicals that are volatile, meaning they can readily vaporize from... 

Toxic effects occur within seconds to 5 min of nerve agent vapor or aerosol inhalation. The muscarinic effects include ocular (miosis, conjunctival congestion, ciliary spasm), nasal discharge, respiratory (bronchoconstriction and increased bronchial secretion), gastrointestinal (anorexia, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea), sweating, salivation, and cardiovascular (bradycardia and hypotension) effects. The nicotinic effects include muscular fa-sciculation and paralysis. CNS effects can include ataxia, confusion, loss of reflexes, slurred speech, coma, and paralysis. 

Nerve agents are inhaled as vapors or aerosols and, being lipid soluble, immediately enter systemic circulation, resulting in toxic manifestations at muscarinic, nicotinic, and CNS cholinergic sites." The acute cholinergic symptoms (tremors, convulsions, salivation, lacrimation, and respiratory failure) are due to the inhibition... 

Acute intoxication by anti-ChE agents causes muscarinic and nicotinic signs and symptoms, and, except for compounds of extremely low lipid solubility, affects the CNS. Systemic effects appear within minutes after inhalation of vapors or aerosols. The onset of symptoms is delayed after GI and percutaneous absorption. Duration of effects is determined largely by the properties of the compound lipid solubility, whether it must be activated to the oxon, stability of the organophos-phorus-AChE bond, and whether aging of phosphorylated enzyme has occurred. 

Psychotropic compounds, such as caffeine and nicotine, can exist in air as a result of their release in tobacco smoke or when certain drugs or essences are inhaled as vapors. These psychotropic substances belong to various classes of organic compounds with different physico chemical properties and different routes of release into the environment, so they may exist in the gaseous or asparticulates and as native compounds or derivatives. For instance, nicotine is mostly gaseous when it is a free base, but combines with tobacco smoke particles when in acidic form (Liang and Pankow, 1996). Cocaine and heroin in the atmosphere presumably exist mainly as solid particulates (Dindal et al., 2000 Cecinato and Balducci, 2007). 

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