Transient reduction

The bDNA assay was used to study the clinical impact of coinfection and the effects of interferon-a and ribavirin therapy of HGV/GBV-C RNA levels in patients chronically infected with both HGV/GBV-C and HCV (Lau et al, 1997 Martinot et al., 1997 McHutchinson et al., 1997). There were no differences in the clinical, biochemical, or histological features of the coinfected patients compared with those infected with HCV alone. Interferon-a treatment caused a marked but usually transient reduction in serum levels of HGV/GBV-C RNA, and ribavirin caused a modest reduction of viral load of 0.5 to 1 log10. 

When the sample is biased positively (Ub > 0) with respect to the tip, as in Fig. 9c, and assuming that the molecular potential is essentially that of the substrate [85], only the normal elastic current flows at low bias (<1.5 V). As the bias increases, electrons at the Fermi surface of the tip approach, and eventually surpass, the absolute energy of an unoccupied molecular orbital (the LUMO at +1.78 V in Fig. 9c). OMT through the LUMO at — 1.78 V below the vacuum level produces a peak in dl/dV, seen in the actual STM based OMTS data for nickel(II) octaethyl-porphyrin (NiOEP). If the bias is increased further, higher unoccupied orbitals produce additional peaks in the OMTS. Thus, the positive sample bias portion of the OMTS is associated with electron affinity levels (transient reductions). In reverse (opposite) bias, as in Fig. 9b, the LUMO never comes into resonance with the Fermi energy, and no peak due to unoccupied orbitals is seen. However, occupied orbitals are probed in reverse bias. In the NiOEP case, the HOMO at... 

Fig. 9 OMT bands for NiOEP, associated with transient reduction (1.78 V) and transient oxidation (—1.18 V). Data obtained from a single molecule in a UHV STM. The ultraviolet photoelectron spectrum is also shown, with the energy origin shifted (by the work function of the sample, as discussed in [25]) in order to allow direct comparison. The highest occupied molecular orbital, n, and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, %, are shown at their correct energy, relative to the Fermi level of the substrate. As in previous diagrams,

In Phase I clinical trials with stable renal transplant patients, FTY720 led to a transient reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes whilst being well-tolerated. Treatment was associated with a mild reduction in heart rate that was maximal 6 h after the first dose and returned to baseline with continuous treatment [52,53]. The mild effect on heart rate is believed to arise from SlPj and/or SlP3-mediated activation of G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels in atrial myocytes [54-56]. 

There is evidence that nicotine also stimulates the DA projections to the dorsal striatum (BenweU and Balfour 1997 Quick 2004). To date, relatively few studies have sought to directly link this response to the drug with behavioural changes associated with dependence. Nevertheless, a number of studies have implicated these projections in the responses to rewarding stimuli, particularly in expectation of reward (Schultz 2006). A failure to deliver an anticipated reinforcer results in transient reduction in the activity of these neurones. Rice and Cragg (2004) have reported that... 

Reduction, neutralization, or change in direction of polarity. 2. Transient reduction in the membrane potential. See Action Potential Hyperpolarization... 

There have been numerous trials of use of the atypical antipsychotics in patients with developmental disabilities, but most of these trials were uncontrolled open-labeled studies or case reports (Aman and Madrid, 1999). Findings were reported for 86 adults and 1 child with prominent self-injury. The reports of adults assessed clozapine (1 report) and risperidone (4 reports). Improvement was observed for a majority of participants in all of these trials. The patients presented with a multitude of conditions, ranging from nonspecific MR and associated behavior problems, to pervasive developmental disorders (including autism), to various psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and manic disorder. Self-injury appeared to respond to treatment regardless of concomitant condition. In the only clozapine report with a child (who had autistic disorder), a mean dose of 283 mg/day caused a transient reduction in self-injury. 

Isoflurane, like other volatile agents, causes a transient reduction in renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate and urinary output, but there is no evidence that these changes are harmful to the healthy kidney. Similarly, there is no evidence that isoflurane has any undesirable effects on the transplanted kidney. In... 

In four patients with von Willebrand disease, desmopressin caused a significant but transient reduction in platelet count without an increase in plasma glycocalicin concentrations nor enhanced expression of P selectin, suggesting that acute thrombocytopenia after the administration of desmopressin in type 2B von Willebrand disease is not related to platelet activation and consumption (68). 

Dizziness occurred in 7.4% of 68 patients randomized to somatostatin and 8.2% of 73 randomized to octreotide, both by rapid infusion, to control variceal bleeding, in which the effectiveness of somatostatin and its analogues is probably via a transient reduction in heart rate and cardiac output (13). 

Abrahamsson K, Melander M, Eriksson BO, Holme E, Jodal U, Jonasson A. Transient reduction of human left ventricular mass in carnitine depletion induced by antibiotics containing pivalic acid. Br Heart J 1995 74 656-9. 

The characteristics of CR monkeys are summarized in Table 2 [72] and Fig. 12A-C [73]. CR monkeys weigh less [74] and have less total and abdominal obesity than controls [75], In addition, CR reduces body temperature and induces a transient reduction in metabolic rate [76], Young male CR monkeys also exhibit delayed sexual and skeletal maturation [72, 74]. In addition, several lines of evidence suggest that CR improves the disease risk in rhesus monkeys [72], CR monkeys have reduced blood glucose and insulin levels and improved insulin sensitivity [75], CR also reduces blood pressure and lowers the serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels [77]. In... 

McCarter RJ, McGee JR. Transient reduction of metabolic rate by food restriction. Am J Physiol 1989 257 E175-E179. 

The auto-inhibitory action of most neurotransmitters on transmitter release is mediated primarily by G0 the py-subunits of G0 interact directly with voltagegated Ca2+ channels to produce a transient reduction of their voltage-response and hence of the Ca2+ influx into the terminals following the action potential. This response is facilitated by a close association between G0, the Ca2+ channel and the receptor. 

Chemical PEs have recently been studied for increasing transdermal delivery of ASOs or other polar macromolecules [35]. Chemically induced transdermal penetration results from a transient reduction in the barrier properties of the stratum corneum. The reduction may be attributed to a variety of factors such as the opening of intercellular junctions due to hydration [36], solubilization of the stratum corneum [37, 38], or increased lipid bilayer fluidization [39, 40]. Combining various surfactants and co-solvents can be used to achieve skin penetration, purportedly resulting in therapeutically relevant concentrations of ASO in the viable epidermis and dermis [41]. In summary, it appears feasible to deliver ASO to the skin using a number of different delivery techniques and formulations. 

Lin, C. Y., Ho, C. H., Hsieh, Y. H. and Kikuchi, T. (2002). Adeno-associated virus-mediated transfer of human acid maltase gene results in a transient reduction of glycogen accumulation in muscle of Japanese quail with acid maltase deficiency. Gene Ther. 9, 554-563. 

Powers and Fox demonstrated that lanolin is semi-occlusive and can reduce transepidermal water loss (TEWL).36 The application of lanolin and lanolin oil (5.0-6.25 mg/cm2, equivalent to a film thickness of 54-68 /tm) to the inner surface of the forearm reduced the TEWL by 32 and 22%, respectively.36 This is in comparison with petrolatum which reduced the TEWL by 48%. Spruits reported a 20 to 30% reduction in TEWL using a 50-/xm lanolin film.37 The clinical improvement in xerotic skin is not simply due to a transient reduction in TEWL, because a completely impermeable plastic film applied twice a day had no beneficial effects. 

These equations offer an adequate basis for the development of the negative membrane potential of 70 to 90 mV. Excitation as a process characterizing nerve and muscle cells is associated with a transient reduction or abolition of this membrane potential, and in some cases with a temporary "overshoot" or reversal of its polarity. Just as for the membrane potential, these major but transient perturbations in the production of action potentials have been adequately modeled in dynamics of ionic equilibria by Hodgkin and Huxley (2). 

Prolonged granulocytopenia due to olanzapine occurred in a 39-year-old woman after clozapine withdrawal (217). In contrast, two patients with severe clozapine-induced granulocytopenia and agranulocytosis were successfully treated with olanzapine in a dose greater than 25 mg/ day (218). Furthermore, a 65-year-old man who had previously developed leukopenia and neutropenia, first with clozapine and then also with risperidone, took olanzapine (20 mg/day for 2 years with only a transient reduction in leukocyte and neutrophil (but not erythrocyte or platelet) counts) during a flu-like illness (219). 

Indeed, acid-base transition induces reduction of [76]. The reduction is transient, does not require addition of an external electron donor, but is dependent upon the presence of reduced carriers between the two photosystems which act as electron donors for the transient reduction [82,83]. 

Transient reduction in visual acuity Extraocular muscle palsies Ptosis... 

Photodynamic therapy appears to be a safe procedure. Infrequent complications include reactions at the injection site, transient reduction in vision, and photosensitivity lasting less than 24 hours. No interactions between verteporfin and other medications have been reported. 

Kindzelskii, A. and Petty, H. R. (2004). Fluorescence spectroscopic detection of mitochondrial flavoprotein redox oscillations and transient reduction of the NADPH oxidase-associated flavoprotein in leukocytes European Biophysics Journal with Biophysics Letters 33 291-299. 

Reconstituted transhydrogenase has been suggested to catalyze an NADH-NAD exchange via a reduced enzyme intermediate [110]. The proposal is based on the finding that coupled reconstituted vesicles, in the presence of AcPyAD plus NADPH, catalyze a rapid and transient reduction of AcPyAD upon the addition of NADH. It was demonstrated that formation of AcPyADH is stoicheiometrically related to the disappearance of NADH rather than NADPH and that the 4A-hydrogen atom is... 

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