Triple response

The Lewis triple response illustrates the effects of histamine on vascular smooth muscle, vascular endothelium, and sensory nerve endings. Intradermal injection of as little as 10 jig histamine produces three distinct effects ... 

Ethylene and ABA. Abscisic acid (ABA), like ethylene, inhibits growth of etiolated seedlings but the seedlings do not show the triple response characteristic of ethylene-treated seedlings (36). ABA-inhibited pea seedlings produce less ethylene than seedlings not treated with ABA in response to high... 

In the skin this results in the classical "triple response" - wheal formation, reddening due to local vasodilation, and flare ("halo"). 

Histamine release from mast cells can be caused by a wide variety of basic substances, including mediators such as substance P, bradykinin and venoms such as mastoparan (from wasp venom). It is thought that this interaction involving endogenous mediators is a normal part of pathophysiology involved, for instance, in the triple response in skin. It has been proposed that the non-receptor-... 

These observations on sensory nerve endings can probably be extended mechanistically and transposed to other sites (e.g. the airways). In skin it seems certain that a local axon reflex is involved in the triple response described by Lewis, whereby there is flush, flare and wheal manifestation of which denotes neurogenic inflammation. Many of these manifestations can be blocked with bradykinin and tachykinin receptor antagonists, and antihistamines, used in concert. It is now presumed that these basic observations in the skin can be applied to conjunctivae and the airways, and there is every reason to suppose that much the same events are involved in (defensive) reaction to exogenous irritant chemicals. 

Intradermal histamine injection elicits a characteristic phenomenon known as the triple response. 

Correlation and contingeiKy (symptom-context) analysis across systemic levels, as suggested in triple-response models (multimodal assessment) ... 

An even more precise tool is the use of receptor antagonists. In this respect the evaluation of the role of histamine is particularly instructive. Histamine was clearly recognised as a mediator of tissue injury by Sir Thomas Lewis in his classical triple response studies. This is the case now with respect to leukotrienes and thromboxane in immunological and cardiovascular pathology. But in order for histamine to be... 

Huang YJ, Liu MZ, Gong QY, et al. A novel magnetic triple-responsive composite semi-lPN hydrogels for targeted and controlled drug delivery. Eur Polym J October 2012 48 1734-44. 

In 1907 Windaus and Vogt completed the first chemical synthesis of histamine and soon after Sir Henry Dale and coworkers began investigations that showed that histamine was a powerful vasodepressant, it stimulated smooth muscle from the gut and respiratory tract and caused shock when injected into laboratory animals mimicking the systemic effects of anaphylaxis. These early results were followed by demonstration of the involvement of histamine in vascular reactions of the skin and the observation that morphine caused the so-called triple response in human skin, that is, the event sequence of an initial red spot followed by a red irregular flare and a fluid-filled wheal. Over 30 years later antihistamines were shown to reduce morphine-induced skin wheals, and histamine itself was detected in effluents of isolated perfused cat gastrocnemius muscle after arterial injection of opium alkaloids. Released histamine was also detected in cat skin, and raised levels were found in plasma after intravenous injection of morphine. 

If the latter were the case, what was the stimulus Histamine released from mucosal stores If so, were there other effects of histamine, the triple response described by Sir Thomas Lewis A cholinergic reflex through the intrinsic plexuses ... 

Capillary dilation, hypotension, lesions of the epithelium, and haemocon-centration are typical symptoms of a collapse caused by histamine. Small amounts of histamine introduced into the skin (e.g. by scarification, injection, or by iontophoresis) cause a characteristic triple response (Lewis ). 1252, 1257, 1271, 1279, 1286, 1291-1296) j is COnsistS Of loCalizcd rcdneSS,... 

Huang et al. (2012) prepared a triple-responsive Fe304/poly(3-acryl-amidephenylboronic acid-co-2-(dimethylamino)ethylmethacrylate)/ (j3-cyclodextrin-epichlorohydrin) (Fe304/P(AAPBA-co-DMAEMA)/(/3-CD-EPI)) semi-IPN (interpenetrating network) hydrogel (Fig. 8.18) by free-radical polymerization of AAPBA, DMAEMA, j3-CD-EPI and the... 

Synthesis of triple-responsive P(DMAEMA-co-AAPBA)-based hydrogels. 

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