Varnishes synthetic

Uses n-Butyl alcohol is used extensively in a number of industries. For instance, it is used as a solvent in industries associated with the manufacture of paints, varnishes, synthetic resins, gums, pharmaceuticals, vegetable oils, dyes, and alkaloids. n-Butyl alcohol also finds use in the manufacture of artificial leather, rubber, and plastic cements, shellac, raincoats, perfumes, and photographic films. 

Uses Conditioner alkyd resin comonomer mfg. of varnishes, synthetic drying oils, urethane foams and coatings, silicone lube oils, lactone plasticizers, textile finishes, surfactants, epoxidation products crosslinking agentfor PU reactive diluent for radiation-cured inks, lacquers heat costabilizer for PVC in food-pkg. adhesives in food-contact coatings... 

Uses Raw materiai for aikyd and poiyester resins, paints conditioner mfg. of varnishes, synthetic drying oiis... 

Terpenes are components of various products e.g. tobacco smoke, wax pastes (furniture and floor polishes etc.), liquid waxes (floor polishes etc.), cleansers (detergents etc.), polishes, dyes and varnishes, synthetic resins, so-called natural building products, deodorants, perfumes, softeners, air fresheners, foods, beverages, pharmaceutical products (e.g. camomile oil, eucalyptus oil). In these products terpene compounds such as geraniol, myrcene (beta-myrcene), ocimene, menthol, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, d-limonene, 3-carene, cineole, camphene or caryophyllene can be detected. 

Catalysts, on which about 90% processes in the chemical plants are based, are as common as adsorbents. Catalysts are applied in production of fertilizers, fuels, polymers as well as modelling pastes, paints and varnishes, synthetic fibers and washing products. At present catalysts and adsorbents are used in almost all fields of science and technology. As mentioned before, adsorption and catalysis are interrelated because most adsorbents are applied in both adsorption and catalytic processes. In the latter case adsorbents either play a function of catalyst supports or are catalysts themselves. Solution of many theoretical and practical tasks depends on the choice of adsorbents and catalysts of optimal surface and porous structure. As follows from the above, it is essential to work out rules of formation of porous structure of adsorbents, catalysts and supports of... 

Kunstharzleim synthetic-resin varnish (synthetic enamei)... 

Chloric(III) acid is a fairly weak acid, and is an oxidising agent, for example it oxidises aqueous iodide ion to iodine. Sodium chlorate(III) (prepared as above) is used commercially as a mild bleaching agent it bleaches many natural and synthetic fibres without degrading them, and will also bleach, for example, oils, varnishes and beeswax. 

Control of relative humidity is needed to maintain the strength, pHabiUty, and moisture regain of hygroscopic materials such as textiles and paper. Humidity control may also be required in some appHcations to reduce the effect of static electricity. Temperature and/or relative humidity may also have to be controlled in order to regulate the rate of chemical or biochemical reactions, such as the drying of varnishes, the appHcation of sugar coatings, the preparation of synthetic fibers and other chemical compounds, or the fermentation of yeast. 

A varnish is often appHed on top of the paint layers. A varnish serves two purposes as a protective coating and also for an optical effect that enriches the colors of the painting. A traditional varnish consists of a natural plant resin dissolved or fused in a Hquid for appHcation to the surface (see Resins, natural). There are two types of varnish resins hard ones, the most important of which is copal, and soft ones, notably dammar and mastic. The hard resins are fossil, and to convert these to a fluid state, they are fused in oil at high temperature. The soft resins dissolve in organic solvents, eg, turpentine. The natural resin varnishes discolor over time and also become less soluble, making removal in case of failure more difficult (see Paint and FINNISH removers). Thus the use of more stable synthetic resins, such as certain methacrylates and cycHc ketone resins, has become quite common, especially in conservation practice. 

Lubricants. Petroleum lubricants continue to be the mainstay for automotive, industrial, and process lubricants. Synthetic oils are used extensively in industry and for jet engines they, of course, are made from hydrocarbons. Since the viscosity index (a measure of the viscosity behavior of a lubricant with change in temperature) of lube oil fractions from different cmdes may vary from +140 to as low as —300, additional refining steps are needed. To improve the viscosity index (VI), lube oil fractions are subjected to solvent extraction, solvent dewaxing, solvent deasphalting, and hydrogenation. Furthermore, automotive lube oils typically contain about 12—14% additives. These additives maybe oxidation inhibitors to prevent formation of gum and varnish, corrosion inhibitors, or detergent dispersants, and viscosity index improvers. The United States consumption of lubricants is shown in Table 7. 

Plastics. Vehicles in offset inks for plastics (polyethylene, polystyrene, vinyl) are based on hard drying oleoresinous varnishes which sometimes are diluted with hydrocarbon solvents. Letterset inks for polystyrene employ vehicles of somewhat more polar nature. Polyester or other synthetic resins (acryhc) dissolved in glycol ethers and/or esters are used in some of the older inks. Uv inks are widely used for decoration of these preformed plastic containers. 

Cobalt in Driers for Paints, Inks, and Varnishes. The cobalt soaps, eg, the oleate, naphthenate, resinate, Hnoleate, ethyUiexanoate, synthetic tertiary neodecanoate, and tall oils, are used to accelerate the natural drying process of unsaturated oils such as linseed oil and soybean oil. These oils are esters of unsaturated fatty acids and contain acids such as oleic, linoleic, and eleostearic. On exposure to air for several days a film of the acids convert from Hquid to soHd form by oxidative polymeri2ation. The incorporation of oil-soluble cobalt salts effects this drying process in hours instead of days. Soaps of manganese, lead, cerium, and vanadium are also used as driers, but none are as effective as cobalt (see Drying). 

One principal use of cyclohexanol has been in the manufacture of esters for use as plasticizers (qv), ie, cyclohexyl and dicyclohexyl phthalates. In the finishes industry, cyclohexanol is used as a solvent for lacquers, shellacs, and varnishes. Its low volatiUty helps to improve secondary flow and to prevent blushing. It also improves the miscibility of cellulose nitrate and resin solutions and helps maintain homogeneity during drying of lacquers. Reaction of cyclohexanol with ammonia produces cyclohexylamine [108-91-8], a corrosion inhibitor. Cyclohexanol is used as a stabilizer and homogenizer for soaps and synthetic detergent emulsions. It is used also by the textile industry as a dye solvent and kier-boiling assistant (see Dye carriers). 

The most important coating appHcation for the nonreactive polyamide resins is in producing thixotropy. Typical coating resins such as alkyds, modified alkyds, natural and synthetic ester oils, varnishes, and natural vegetable oils can be made thixotropic by the addition of dimer acid-based polyamide resins (see Alkyd resins). Specialty high performance coating appHcations often requite the properties imparted by dimer acid components. 

This includes inorganic materials such as mica, glass fibre and asbestos etc., impregnated or glued together with varnishes or compositions comprising ordinary organic substances for heat resistance such as oil-modified synthetic resins, bitumen, shellac and Bakelite. 

By simple impregnation in a recommended insulating varnish, normally synthetic or epoxy, followed by baking (curing), in a temperature-controlled oven, at a specified temperature for a specific period. 

Synthetic resins are extensively used, e.g., in surface finishes, in the fabrication and repair of boat and motor vehicle bodies, in the manufacture of laminated boards, for electrical components, in pattern making and in paints and varnishes. Non-rubber adhesives made from fish glues and from cotton derivatives (e.g. cellulose acetate) tend not to be sensitizing but, depending upon composition and the manner of use, many other types may pose significant dermatitic and fume hazards. 

The current practice is to classify as oil varnishes all varnishes and paint media prepared from drying oils and natural or preformed oil-free synthetic resins. Examples of such resins are rosin, rosin-modified phenolics and oil-soluble 100% phenolics. The introduction of the resin results in improved drying and film properties. 

A sulfonated ion exchanger catalyst (Research Institute of Synthetic Resins and Varnishes, Pardubice, Czechoslovakia) was a macroreticular styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer containing 25% divinylbenzene and 2.4 meq/g of —SO3H groups. It was dried prior to using at 90°C/14 Torr. The BET surface area, determined in a dry state, was 49 m2/g, and the mean pore size was around 100 A. 

The resins are substances derived mostly from vegetable sources some have been used as binders in the preparation of paints and varnishes, others as incense burned in ritual ceremonies, and a few, such as amber, have been used on their own, as semiprecious stones. It should be noted, however, that since the midtwentieth century the term resin has acquired a new meaning that of a synthetic pliable "plastic" material that can be shaped, mostly when hot. Synthetic resins are used mainly for packaging and for making textile fibers and automobile parts. In the discussion that follows the term resin is used to refer only to resins of natural origin (Serpico and White 2000a Parry 1918). 

These are prepared by mixing a phosphor (particle size around 10-30 pm) with a transparent (to the excitation and emission wavelengths) synthetic varnish. Traditionally ZnS Cu phosphor was used for this purpose, but over the last few years much better oxide-based phosphors have appeared in the marketplace. 

Synthetic Polyacrylates, cellulose nitrate, Paint binders, varnishes, coatings,... 

Nearly all the polymers that industry has made available have been used in art or conservation [176]. Synthetic resins have been used as solidifiers, varnishes, coatings, paint binders, moulding and casting materials, clothing, jewellery, furniture and as materials for the display, support and storage of art objects. 

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