Unit cost saving

Conceptual Design of MHD Repowered Plant. The first step toward MHD plant commercialization is a pilot-scale demonstration plant. Repowering of existing plants, actively under study both in the United States and elsewhere (65), allows use of existing systems at considerable cost savings compared to building a new plant from the ground up. It also ensures that the pilot scale demonstration occurs in a reaHstic utiHty environment and... 

Because each effect of an evaporator produces almost as much vapor as the amount it condenses, the total evaporation accompHshed per unit of prime steam, or steam economy, iacreases ia almost direct proportioa to the number of effects used. The total heat load is also spHt up betweea the effects so that each effect has a much lower heat duty than a single effect for the same total evaporation load. However, the total available AT is also spHt up similarly so that each effect of a multiple effect requites about as much heating surface as a single effect operating over the same total temperature difference. Thus ia selecting the number of effects to use ia any iastallatioa, steam cost savings and capital cost of effects have to be balanced. Even before... 

The annual cost of heat delivered by the heatpump is Qoy o, where the unit cost Cd is given by Eq. (9-240). Therefore, the annual saving on heating costs in dollars per year is Qoyi B d), which can also be written in terms of Eq. (9-238) as W(COP) y(cg — c ). 

When there is only one process line and one MCC alone is adequate to control the entire process, it is possible to combine the PCC and the MCC into one unit to save on space and cost. The assembly may now be called a PMCC (power-cum-motor control centre). 

Aluminium alloy offers saving of up to 40% in total car weight. The increased unit cost is offset by the lower running cost of the lighter vehicle, and the greater recycling potential of the aluminium. ... 

GFRP offers savings of up to 30% in total car weight, at some increase in unit cost and considerable capital investment in new equipment. Recycling problems still have to be overcome. 

It was known that once presented with the repair quote and procedure, the user would also consider the possibility of purchasing a new expander. However, the lead time for the repair was approximately one-half that for a new expander. By not having to purchase electricity, the cost savings more than justified the repair. Additionally, the owner company was satisfied by assurances given by the expander manufacturer to provide a unit in essentially new condition. 

While this unit is considerably cheaper, it also has certain disadvantages. For example, changes or upsets in any one unit may be felt throughout the refinery because of the changes in fractionator operation. However, the considerable cost saving possible with the combination type unit has permitted many small refineries to finance a catalytic cracking unit when they could not afford a conventional model. 

High raw material or energy consumption Significant savings can be made by reducing consumption of those items with high unit costs. 

Treatment systems should be demonstrated to be effective, and expandable (or reducible), in a stepwise modular fashion to ensure efficient design and operation. At many sites, it is cost-effective to install several temporary treatment systems in parallel configuration, and remove them as the need is diminished until the stable rate is achieved where a single unit can handle the load. After careful analysis, it may be determined that the best procedure is to install and operate the system at the projected long-term rate from the onset. Although this plan may extend the longterm remediation time, cost savings on equipment purchase (or lease) or initial operation labor may be justified. 

The preliminary cost analysis was conducted with the help of Mr. Peter Chan of Chiaphua Industries Ltd. Table 12.8-2 compares the cost of subcontracting the manufacture of plastic and metal appliance components versus manufacturing in-house for a production volume of 1000 units per month. All calculated costs are below the US 100 limit. A cost saving of twenty percent was forecasted assuming that the facility will be built and operated in China where the land and labor costs are cheaper. 

INTERCAT s product COP-NP is one of the improved low NO promoters. Marathon conducted trials of COP-NP on four of their FCC units in a phased manner, successfully replacing first generation non-Pt promoters. The results found COP-NP to be two to three times more active than other vendor s first generation non-Pt promoters. This CO combustion promotion improvement comes without an increase in NO emissions as is seen with Pt-containing promoters. Overall, the improved combustion promotion effectiveness of COP-NP has resulted in use of significantly less additive for afterburn and CO emissions control, and has led to significant cost savings for each of Marathon s FCC units. The data are summarized in Table 17.3. 

A design consideration for an environmental application of TSS technology is location. In a PRT unit, the TSS is always located in a hot flue gas position. However, a cold flue gas position could be used for environmental applications. Depending upon the pressure control scheme, the TSS can also be located at high pressure before the flue gas slide valve and orifice chamber. This offers significant cost savings, lower material cost, and requires less plot space. On two ERA consent decree applications, this benefit was 40% lower capital cost. 

At Tinker Air Force Base in Oklahoma, potential cost savings of using ASH were estimated to be 19,125 per year. This estimate was based on a 30-gal/min ASH unit processing 25,000 gal of wastewater per day for 250 days per year. Capital costs associated with installing this unit were estimated to be 30,000. Overall cost savings were based on the expenses associated with disposing of the wastewater at a municipal treatment plant (D22193C, pp. 2, 6). 

Bulk and pooled procurement mechanisms can reduce drug prices substantially. The pooled procurement practices of the ECDS reduced unit costs for pharmaceuticals more than 50 per cent during its first procurement cycle (Huff-Rouselle and Burnett 1996). Also, the Delhi model used a pooled procurement system for hospitals and health facilities, through a CPA, saving nearly 30 per cent of annual drugs cost for the government and improving availability more than 80 per cent (Chaudhury et al. 2005). 

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