Types of Hormones

It is also possible that the five known major hormone classes can be subdivided. Particularly, the plethora of different gibberellins now known may in the future be grouped into different subsets functioning in the same plant. Furthermore, it is probable that indoleacetic acid, zeatin, abscisic acid and ethylene are not the only active hormones in their classes. 

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Among vertebrate species, the neuro-endocrine-immime system is responsible for many complex, inter-related physiological processes including neuronal, homeostatic, reproductive and immune functions. There are four main types of hormone polypeptides, eicosanoids, steroids and thyroid hormones. Reflecting the inter-dependency of the neiiro-endocrine and immune systems, hormones, neuropeptides and other neiirotransmitters are known to be produced by some immune cells and play a role in the regulation of the immune system, while endocrine and nervous tissues express receptors for many substances produced by the immune system. The major focus of interest in endocrine disruption has... 

Bastenie and Zylberszac, in a general article on the former subject, point out that colchicine (1) brings into mitosis all cells which are in karyo-kinetic inuninence but which normally would slowly and successively reach mitosis, and (2) stops them at this stage. This has made possible a technique which picks out cell multiplication and can be used for detecting many types of hormonal stimulation, e.g., the action of follicular hormone and other oestrogens. ... 

Multiple hormones may affect a single target tissue simultaneously. Therefore, the response of the target tissue depends not only on the effects of each hormone individually, but also on the nature of the interaction of the hormones at the tissue. The three types of hormone interactions include ... 

Located in close proximity to the primary capillary plexus in the hypothalamus are specialized neurosecretory cells. In fact, the axons of these cells terminate on the capillaries. The neurosecretory cells synthesize two types of hormones releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones (see Table 10.2). Each of these hormones helps to regulate the release of a particular hormone from the adenohypophysis. For example, thyrotropin-releasing hormone produced by the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus stimulates secretion of thyrotropin from the thyrotrope cells of the adenohypophysis. The hypo-thalamic-releasing hormone is picked up by the primary capillary plexus travels through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal veins to the anterior pituitary leaves the blood by way of the secondary capillary plexus and exerts its effect on the appropriate cells of the adenohypophysis. The hypophyseal hormone, in this case, thyrotropin, is then picked up by the secondary capillary plexus, removed from the pituitary by the venous blood, and delivered to its target tissue. 

Phenylethylami ne (III) is a different type of hormone, and is metabolized in women s bodies to a far higher extent than in a man s. The mechanism of metabolism is still a mystery, but it appears to cause feelings of excitement, alert feelings and in terms of mood, perhaps a bit of a high . Unfortunately, the bodies of most men do not metabolize this hormone, so they do not feel the same high . 

Messenger proteins, such as some types of hormones, transmit signals to coordinate biological processes between different cells, tissues, and organs. 

It seems probable from our discussion that individual normal males, for example, vary through wide limits (possibly 10-fold or more) in their production of both androgens and estrogens. If we classify individual men roughly as (1) low, (2) intermediate, and (3) high producers of each of the two types of hormones, we find that an... 

Adrenaline, when administered to humans at 20 ug. per min. levels, caused increases in pulmonary ventilation of 13 to 153 per cent. The percentage increases in oxygen consumption resulting from the same administration were 19 to 56 per cent.30 Noradrenaline at the same level caused increases in pulmonary ventilation of 39 to 70 per cent and changes in oxygen consumption from -23 percent up to +31 per cent. Funkenstein, et al.,31 have tabulated the differences in the pharmacological action of these two substances and have adduced good evidence that two different types of psychotic patients tend to secrete excessive amounts, respectively, of the two types of hormones. Those who appear to secrete excess epinephrine-like hormone are more likely, at better than the 0.01 level of probability, to be benefited by electric shock therapy. If there are, as indicated, wide... 

Depending on the type of hormone, hormone signals are transmitted to the target cells in different ways. Apolar (lipophilic) hormones penetrate the cell and act in the cell nucleus, while polar (hydrophilic) hormones act on the external cell membrane. 

The cortex of adrenal gland produces three types of hormones - the glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and the sex hormones. 

Many types of hormonal response, including those of insulin415b 416 (Chapter 11), are transcriptionally mediated. This is also true for plants (Chapter 30). Defensive responses of both animals and plants (Chapter 31) are mediated in part by transcriptional responses. 

One can also recognize some correlations between the subtype of tumor and the type of hormonal exposure. Unopposed hyperestrogenism is most likely to be associated with the endometrioid type of endometrial carcinoma, rather than with clear-cell, serous-papillary, and mucinous carcinomas. 

Douketis JD, Julian JA, Kearon C, Anderson DR, Crowther MA, Bates SM, Barone M, Piovella F, Turpie AG, Middeldorp S, van Nguyen P, Prandoni P, Wells PS, Kovacs MJ, Macgillavry MR, Costantini L, Ginsberg JS. Does the type of hormone replacement therapy influence the risk of deep vein thrombosis A prospective case-control study. J Thromb Haemost 2005 3(5) 943-8. 

Jernstrom H, Bendahl P-O, Lidfeldt J, Nerbrand C, Agardh C-D, Samsioe G. A prospective study of different types of hormone replacement therapy use and the risk of subsequent breast cancer the women s health in the Lund area (WHILA) study (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control 2003 14 673-80. 

Fournier A, Berrino F, Riboli E, Avenel V, Clavel-Chapelon F. Breast cancer risk in relation to different types of hormone replacement therapy in the E3N-EPIC cohort. Int J Cancer 2005 114 448-54. 

Most hormones affect their target cell by interacting with a specific receptor. Hormone receptors are located at three locations, shown in Figure 28-2. These primary locations are on the surface membrane of the cell, within the cytosol of the cell, or within the cell s nucleus.2 Receptors at each location tend to be specific for different types of hormones and also tend to affect cell function in a specific manner. Each type of receptor is briefly discussed below. 

Therapeutically used types of estrogens and prog-estins are listed in Tables 30-4 and 30-5. Both types of hormones can be administered in their natural form (estradiol and progesterone), and several synthetic derivatives of each type are also available. Most of the drugs listed in Tables 30-4 and 30-5 are available as oral preparations, and many conditions can be conveniently treated by oral administration. These hormones may also be administered transdermally via patches, creams, or gels the transdermal route may offer certain advantages, such as decreased side effects and liver problems.86,130 Certain preparations can be... 

Types of Hormones Adrenocorticosteroids Prednisone Prednisolone Others Primary Antineoplastic Indications(s) Acute lymphoblastic leukemia chronic lymphocytic leukemia Hodgkin disease Common Adverse Effects Adrenocortical suppression general catabolic effect on supporting tissues [see Chapter 29]... 

While legally speaking melatonin is a dietary supplement, biologically speaking it is a hormone. Other types of hormones include estrogen and testosterone. Hormones are known to have major effects on the human body. Only one other hormone can be sold over the counter in the United States. All other hormones require a doctor s prescription. Many other countries do not allow over-the-counter sales of melatonin because it is a hormone and has not been studied well enough to know if it is safe to take. 

DHEA supplementation can increase production of gonadal hormones. Therefore, DHEA should be avoided by patients with any type of hormone-dependent cancer. 

Figure 1.1 The three major types of hormones that regulate pheromone production in insects. A Juvenile Hormone III (C16 JH), B 20-Hydroxyecdysone and C PBANs from the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Raina et al., 1989), the silkworm moth Bombyx mori (Kitamura et al., 1989) and the gypsy moth, Lymantira dispar (Master et al., 1994). The minimum sequence (pentapeptide) required for activity is indicated.

What types of hormone replacement products are available, how are they taken, and what symptoms are they likely to improve ... 

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