Hormones stimulants and

The coordination of cilia motility is controlled by neural innervation, chemical pacemaking, and hormonal stimulation, and the effects of ions such as calcium and potassium. Cilia beat in a coordinated fashion to achieve the unidirectional propulsion of mucus with the frequency of the ciliary beat, which is dependent upon the environment. Human nasal cilia have been reported to beat, in vitro, with an average frequency of 10 Hz. Any rheological abnormalities in the mucus gel, particularly those that alter the elastic properties of mucus, can greatly affect clearance and undermine ciliary activity in the nasal cavity. In such circumstances, the adhesiveness of the mucus layer may allow it to remain in contact with the underlying cell layers and retain any substances introduced into the nasal cavity. 

Then, in the 1980s, GHB was endorsed by the health food industry as a growth hormone stimulator, and was marketed and sold to help body builders increase muscle mass and maintain weight. But, also, GHB was embraced as an aid in weight loss and as an over-the-counter sleep agent because of its sedative side effects. 

The most commonly used method is called the on-cell or cell-attached configuration, because ion channels can be recorded on an intact cell (Jackson 1993). This mode is well suited for investigation of ion channels, which are activated by hormonal stimulation and triggered by intracellular second messengers. 

The endometrium is the tissue that lines the inside of the uterus. Endometriosis is a condition where endometrial tissue is found outside the uterus. It is trapped in the pelvic area and lower abdomen. The exact cause is unknown. A reflux of menstruation occurs in many women but in endometriosis refluxed cells implant in the pelvis, bleed in response to cyclic hormone stimulation and increase in size. Patches of endometriosis can cause adhesions and form into cysts which can fill with thick fluid and are known as chocolate cysts. 

A primary binding target of PI 3-phosphates Is protein kinase B (PKB), a serine/threonine kinase. Besides Its kinase domain, PKB contains a PH domain that tightly binds the 3-phosphate in both PI 3,4-bisphosphate and PI 3,4,5-trisphosphate. In unstimulated, resting cells, the level of both these compounds Is low, and protein kinase B is present in the cytosol in an inactive form. Following hormone stimulation and the resulting rise in PI 3-phosphates, protein kinase B binds to them and is localized at the cell surface membrane. 

Wildt, L., A. Hailsler, G. Marshall, J.S. Hutchison, T.M. Plant, P.E. Belchetz E. Knobil. 1981. Frequency and amplitude of gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulation and gonadotropin secretion in the rhesus monkey. Endocrinology 109 376-85. 

In the 1960s GHB was developed as an anesthetic s ent. Like PGP, it had serious side effects (seizure-like activity) and its use y/as discontinued. In the 1980s GHB was sold in the health food industry as a growth hormone stimulator and was supposed to help body builders gain muscle mass. It was also sold as a sleep aid. It became a popular recreational drug because in low doses it can have an aphrodisiac effect as well as cause relaxation and euphoria. However, at higher doses it causes coma and amnesia. These effects made it effective as a date rape ... 

If Rana pipiens oocytes are enucleated (GV removed) prior to hormonal stimulation and then exposed to progesterone in vitro, they... 

Kefeli, V.I. and Dashek, W.V. (1984). Non-hormonal stimulators and inhibitors of plant growth and development. Biol. Rev. 59,273-288. 

Its localization, hormonal stimulation, and oxidative stabilization, /. Biol. Chem. 250 7826. 

Biosynthetic Human Insulin from E. coli. Insulin [9004-10-8] a polypeptide hormone, stimulates anaboHc reactions for carbohydrates, proteins, and fats thereby producing a lowered blood glucose level. Porcine insulin [12584-58-6] and bovine insulin [11070-73-8] were used to treat diabetes prior to the availabiHty of human insulin [11061 -68-0]. AH three insulins are similar in amino acid sequence. EH LiHy s human insulin was approved for testing in humans in 1980 by the U.S. EDA and was placed on the market by 1982 (11,12). 

Nonnutrient Additives. Nonnutritional dietary additives provide antioxidants to preserve freshness, flavor enhancers to stimulate food selection, color to meet the owner s expectations, pellet biaders to minimi2e fine particles, mycostats to minimi2e mold growth, and iagredient-flow enhancers. Pet foods do not iaclude coccidiostats, antibiotics, added hormonal materials, and fly-larval iasecticides used ia other animal feeds. 

Factors controlling calcium homeostasis are calcitonin, parathyroid hormone(PTH), and a vitamin D metabolite. Calcitonin, a polypeptide of 32 amino acid residues, mol wt - SGOO, is synthesized by the thyroid gland. Release is stimulated by small increases in blood Ca " concentration. The sites of action of calcitonin are the bones and kidneys. Calcitonin increases bone calcification, thereby inhibiting resorption. In the kidney, it inhibits Ca " reabsorption and increases Ca " excretion in urine. Calcitonin operates via a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) mechanism. 

CCK is found in the digestive tract and the central and peripheral nervous systems. In the brain, CCK coexists with DA. In the peripheral nervous system, the two principal physiological actions of CCK are stimulation of gaU. bladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion. CCK also stimulates glucose and amino acid transport, protein and DNA synthesis, and pancreatic hormone secretion. In the CNS, CCK induces hypothermia, analgesia, hyperglycemia, stimulation of pituitary hormone release, and a decrease in exploratory behavior. The CCK family of neuropeptides has been impHcated in anxiety and panic disorders, psychoses, satiety, and gastric acid and pancreatic enzyme secretions. 

Bastenie and Zylberszac, in a general article on the former subject, point out that colchicine (1) brings into mitosis all cells which are in karyo-kinetic inuninence but which normally would slowly and successively reach mitosis, and (2) stops them at this stage. This has made possible a technique which picks out cell multiplication and can be used for detecting many types of hormonal stimulation, e.g., the action of follicular hormone and other oestrogens. ... 

The hormonal stimulation of adenylyl cyclase is effected by a transmembrane signaling pathway consisting of three components, all membrane-associated. Binding of hormone to the external surface of a hormone receptor causes a conformational change in this transmembrane protein, which in turn stimulates a GTP-binding protein (abbreviated G protein). G proteins are heterotrimeric proteins consisting of a- (45-47 kD), /3- (35 kD), and y- (7-9 kD) subunits. The a-subunit binds GDP or GTP and has an intrinsic, slow... 

The metabolic rate is increased by several hormones including thyi oid hormone, adrenalin and male sex hormones. The increase in metabolic rate caused by male sex hormones explains why males have slightly higher average metabolic rates than females of the same size and age. Living in a cold climate increases the metabolic rate because the cold stimulates thyroid hormone production and this hormone increases heat output of the body, while living in a warm climate causes the metabolic rate to decrease. 

Stimulation and inhibition of the enzyme by the GPCR-G-protein cycle occur by analogous mechanisms. Agonists induce hormone receptors to increase a Ga-GDP-GTP exchange and subsequent Ga 3y dissociation (GDP-a py + GTP GTP-ax + [3y + GDP) (Fig. 4). Consequently, agents that affect either the dissociation of either G or Gs, or the association of their respective as, a , or (3y subunits with adenylyl cyclase could affect rates of cAMP formation in enzyme preparations or in intact cells and tissues. There are several important examples. Gas is stably activated by poorly hydrolyzable analogs of GTP, e.g. GTPyS... 

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