Inter-dependence

Among vertebrate species, the neuro-endocrine-immime system is responsible for many complex, inter-related physiological processes including neuronal, homeostatic, reproductive and immune functions. There are four main types of hormone polypeptides, eicosanoids, steroids and thyroid hormones. Reflecting the inter-dependency of the neiiro-endocrine and immune systems, hormones, neuropeptides and other neiirotransmitters are known to be produced by some immune cells and play a role in the regulation of the immune system, while endocrine and nervous tissues express receptors for many substances produced by the immune system. The major focus of interest in endocrine disruption has... 

Determine the inter-dependence of reaction rate and variables, establish the limiting values to prevent undesirable reactions, excessive heat development etc. 

Even if one can create the SCO ligand-field around one end of a covalently-bridged dinuclear complex, the SCO might influence the ligand-field at the other end. There are many inter-dependent effects to bear in mind of a bonding, electronic and structural kind, and attempts to delineate these are given below. Inter-cluster or inter-chain effects will play difficult-to-control roles in crystalline SCO polynuclear materials, and these have already been alluded to for mononuclear complexes. 

The ultimate width of a peak is determined by the total amount of diffusion occurring during movement of the solute through the system, and on the rate of mass transfer between the two phases. These effects are shown diagrammatically in Figure 4.14. Both diffusion and mass transfer effects are inter-dependent and complex, being made up of a number of contributions from different sources. Because they are kinetic effects, their influence on efficiency is determined by the rate at which the mobile phase... 

It is of course convenient to make this calculation with the help of a computer program (such a program is described in Dzombak and Morel, 1990). But a manual solution is possible it is less cumbersome if we realize that [=FeOZn+] is negligible in Eqs. (v) and (vii). Thus, the surface species, the surface charge and the Coulombic interation depend on pH and ionic strength. The result is given in Fig. 3.13 and in Fig. 2.3 (or Fig. 3.3 (Panel c)). 

It is evident then that the number of phases present can be reduced by restricting the intensive variables to non-unique or inter-dependent conditions and thus a general case" is valid. As the number of chemical components which are perfectly mobile (intensive variables) increases, the number of phases will be decreased. Thus a rock banded in mono-mineralic zones, such as is commonly found in hydrothermal deposits, indicates a system with few inert components. The zonation most commonly represents gradients of the extensive variables temperature and chemical activity of ionic species in aqueous solution. However, it is not always easy to determine which variables are active in a given sequence of mineral bands related to an alteration source. 

A growing inter-dependence will be developed between main exporters and importers. This will improve the security level and the economic stability of the producing and transit countries ... 

Howard C. Parmelee, Inter-Dependence Through Chemical Engineering, Chem. Met. Eng. 35, 1-11 (1928). 

Postmodernists focus on the ever-rising importance of inter-dependence, an idea exemplified by the political slogan from Hillary Clinton It takes a village to raise a child. This interdependence is illustrated by a sculpture made by one of my former students, Bryan Rogers, who... 

The Instruction Processing Units primary function is to access, interpret and route instructions to the pipelines. The Load Look-Ahead feature provides the IPU with advance address information to facilitate uninterrupted instruction processing. Inter-dependent data structures are recognized by the hardware scan of the instruction stream so that independent operations can be distributed to separate AUs. 

Dispersion and correlation analyses are used to process the data obtained in the preliminary experiments. The goal of these statistical analyses is to have qualitative or quantitative answers to points 2 and 3 mentioned above. Finally, when all the statistical data have been collected, a correlation and regression analysis will be used to obtain the inter-dependence relationships between the dependent and the independent variables of the process (see relation (5.1)). 

By far the most used systems are matrices based on methacrylate, methacrylamide and styrene and the most common crosslinkers are ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate and divinylbenzene. Methacrylamide based species are the most hydrophilic and styrene ones the most hydrophobic, with the methacrylate systems falling in between. This therefore provides quite a wide choice and imprinted polymers with high mechanical stability and chemical inertness, suitable for example in HPLC applications, are readily achievable. To some extent the chemical nature of the matrix is of less importance than its morphology, and in this respect the type and level of crosslinker used, together with the nature and proportion of the porogen are more crucial (see later). All of these experimental parameters are of course inter-dependent. 

The diversity of the phenomena that can affect the soil-air composition and the mutual inter-dependence of these phenomena suggest that the production of a suitable equation to predict the O2 and CO2 concentrations in a given soil may be difficult if not... 

The paper is structured as follows. The next section describes the inter-dependent decision variables that have to be determined during the operation of a pipeless plant. Section 3 motivates and describes the use of an EA for the scheduling of the steps of the recipes. Special attention is paid to the handling of infeasibilities by repair algorithms... 

All life and all the earth s inorganic components are locked into a series of chemical reactions. Into this Immensely complicated inter-dependent system, humanity has added its own share of problems by devising and using an ever-growing range of chemicals for an ever-growing variety of purposes. 

Each phosphor composition has its own unique, but required, firing cycle. Note that we consolidate firing time and firing temperature together, because they are inter-dependent. First of all, we choose a temperature that is above the minimum temperature required for the solid state reaction. In many cases, this is a matter of experience, but this minimum is easily obtained from DTA and TGA data. A temperature at least 200 C. above this minimum is generally required. What we find is that there are certain combinations of firing time and temperature which produce the best results in terms of quality of phosphor so-produced. 

The inter-dependency of bacterial species has been described for a number of cases. One example is the close dependency of sulphate-reducing bacteria on the presence of an associated heterotrophic microflora which supply the bacteria with additional growth factors and favour reduction of the medium (Cahet, 1965, 1966 LeGall and Postgate, 1974). Moreover, the production of hydrogen sulphide binds them to sulpho-oxidisers within the ecosystem (called sulphuretum by Baas-Becking, 1925). 

To complicate the situation further, some of the above factors are inter-dependent. The following paragraphs summarise the more important factors. 

The multitude of correlated or inter-dependant data requires special care. Within MSIT an evaluation routine has been established that proceeds knowledge driven and applies both, human based expertise and electronically formatted data and software tools. MSIT internal discussions take place in almost all evaluation works and on many different specific questions the competence of a team is added to the work of individual authors. In some cases the authors of earlier published work contributed to the knowledge... 

Based on experience, this situation is absolutely typical of the way in which synthetic polymer chemists operate in an industrial setting, being integrated constantly in interdisciplinary expert networks, all parts of which have their own competencies, and which are all inter-dependent. Clearly, without a team, a single polymer chemist cannot do anything - but the others won t be able to work without him or her, either ... 

Supply chain is seen as a complex network of organizations with complex activities. SCM comprises different kinds of dependencies in, between, and across organizations (Li, Kumar, Lim, 2002 Svensson, 2002). Inside a network, firms enter into a complex set of interdependencies with other firms, both vertical and horizontal. Vertical inter-dependencies arise among collaborating partners who complement each other in producing or commercializing the product (Svensson, 2002). 

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