Triazines solid phase extraction

The most widely employed techniques for the extraction of water samples for triazine compounds include liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid-phase extraction (SPE), and liquid-solid extraction (LSE). Although most reports involving SPE are off-line procedures, there is increasing interest and subsequently increasing numbers of reports regarding on-line SPE, the goal of which is to improve overall productivity and safety. To a lesser extent, solid-phase microextraction (SPME), supercritical fluid extraction (SEE), semi-permeable membrane device (SPMD), and molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) techniques have been reported. 

Table 3 Summary of solid-phase extraction techniques applied to the preparation of water samples for the determination of triazine pesticides...

Analysis of pesticides in water was performed by fully automated online solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/ MS) [25, 31]. These pesticides (a total of 22 belonging to the classes of triazines, OP, chloroacetanilides, phenylureas, thiocarbamates, acid herbicides, and anilides) were selected on the basis of previously published studies [20, 25], information gathered from the water authorities, and known use in rice crops. 

Koeber R. et al., 2001. Evaluation of a multidimensional solid-phase extraction platform for highly selective online cleanup and high-throughput LC-MS analysis of triazines in river water samples using molecu-larly imprinted polymers. Anal Chem 73 2437. 

Mills and Thurman [105] studied the mixed mode isolation of Triazine metabolites from soils using automated solid phase extraction with methanohwater (4 lu/u) extracts of the sample. Methanol is evaporated from the extract and the metabolites are collected on an octadecyl resin (Cl8) column. The analytes are eluted with ethyl acetate leaving the impurities on the C18 resin column. The detection limit of this method is 0-lgg kg 1-... 

Mills and Thurmen [105] used a mixed method for the isolation of triazine herbicide metabolites from aquifer sediments using automated solid phases extraction with a mixture of methanol and water (4 1 V/V). Following evaporation of the methanol phases, the metabolites were collected in a column of Cl8 octadecyl resin. The analytes were then stripped from the column with ethyl acetate leaving impurities on the column. Down to O.lpg kg-1 triazine could be determined. 

Chapuis F et al (2004) Retention mechanism of analytes in the solid-phase extraction process using molecularly imprinted polymers - application to the extraction of triazines from complex matrices. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci 804(1) 93-101... 

Figure 13.20 GC-FID chromatograms of an extract obtained by (a) SPE and, (b) IASPE of 10 ml of municipal waste water, spiked with 1 p,g l-1 of seven s-triazines (c) represents a blank run from IASPE-GC-NPD of 10 ml of HPLC water. Peak identification is as follows 1, atrazine 2, terbuthylazine 3, sebuthylazine 4, simetryn 5, prometryn 6, terbutryn 7, dipropetryn. Reprinted from Journal of Chromatography, A 830, J. Dalltige et al., On-line coupling of immunoaffinity-based solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography for the determination of s-triazines in aqueous samples , pp. 377-386, copyright 1999, with permission from Elsevier Science.

J. Dalluge, T. Hankemeier, J. J. Vreuls and U. A. Th Brinkman, On-line coupling of immunoaffinity-based solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography for the determination of s-triazines in aqueous samples , J. Chromatogr. 830 377-386 (1999). 

Mills et al. [367] have described a method for the isolation of triazine metabolites from soil using automated solid-phase extraction with methanol water... 

Triazine herbicides Methanol, Ci8 solid-phase extraction Gradient Qg high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection at 220 nm. Limit of detection ppb [392]... 

MATSUI M, OKADA M, TSURUOKA T and TAKEUCHI T (1997), Solid-phase extraction of a triazine herbicide using a molecularly imprinted synthetic receptor , Anal Commun, 34, 85-89. 

Bjamason, B., L. Chimuka, and O. Ramstrom (1999). On-line solid-phase extraction of triazine herbicides using amolecularly imprinted polymer for selective sample enrichment. Anal. Chem., 71 2152-2156. 

Land, C.C J. (1994). Solid-phase extraction of triazines from environmental water samples using aromatic sulfonic acid. LC-GC, 12(11) 840-844. 

Mills, M.S. and E.M. Thurman (1992). Mixed-mode isolation of triazine metabolites from soil and aquifer sediments using automated solid-phase extraction. Anal. Chem., 64(17) 1985-1990. 

Psathaki, M., E. Manoussaridou, and E.G. Stephanou (1994). Determination of organophosphorus and triazine pesticides in ground-and drinking water by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus or mass spectrometric detection. /. Chromatogr. A, 667 241-248. 

Sherma, J (1986). Determination of triazine and chlorophenoxy acid herbicides in natural water samples by solid phase extraction and quantitative thin layer chromatography. J. Liquid Chromatog., 9(16) 3433-3438. 

Stahl, M., M. Luehrmann, H. Kicinski, and A. Kettrupa (1989). Determination of triazine herbicides in water samples by solid phase extraction and high performance hquid chromatography. Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch., 22 124—127. 

Vitali, P., E. Venturing C. Bonora, R. Calori, and R. Raffailli (1994). Determination of triazines and dinitroanilines in waters by high-performance liquid chromatography after solid-phase extraction. J. Chromatogr. A, 660 219-222. 

Wachob, G.D (1984). Solid-phase extraction of triazine herbicides from soil samples. EC Magazine, 2 756-760. 

Kish, J.L., E.M. Thurman, E.A. Scribner, and L.R. Zimmerman (2000). Method of analysis by the US Geological Survey Organic Geochemistry Research Group Determination of triazine and chloroacetanilide herbicides in water by solid-phase extraction and capillary column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring USGS Open-File Report 00-385. 

Onnerfjord, P., Barcelo, D., Emneus, J., and Gorton, L., and Markovarga, G. 1996, Online solid-phase extraction in liquid chromatography using restricted access precolumns for the analysis of s-triazines in humic-containing waters, J. Chromatog., 737 35-45. 

The Cu(I)-bathocuproine complex retained on the solid-phase extractant can be used for copper speciation in fresh water [6]. Second derivative spectrophotometry using mixtures of ligands, 5-phenyl-3-(4-phenyl-2-pyridinyl)-l,2,4-triazine and bathocuproine, was used for simultaneous determination of copper and iron in tap and river water [7]. 

Khrolenko, M., Dzygiel, P., Wieczorek, P. (2002). Combination of supported hquid membrane and solid-phase extraction for sample pretreatment of triazine herbicides in juice prior to capiUary electrophoresis detennination. J. Chromatogr. A, 975, 219-27. 

A range of triazine herbicides in water has been determined by MEKC using sodium dodecyl sulfate, and was applied to water samples after solid-phase extraction (Martinez et al. 1996). 

The application of MIPs as the stationary phase in solid-phase extraction (SPE), often referred to as molecularly imprinted polymer solid-phase extraction (MIS P E), is a rapidly growing area [197-199]. With MISPE, highly specific enrichment of substances present at trace levels is possible. The technique has been applied to the analysis of drugs, for example, caffeine [200], scopolamine [201], naproxen [202], tetracycline [203], cholesterol [204] and local anesthetics [205], as well as environmental pollutants, exemplified by organophosphate flame retardants [206-208], triazines in soil and vegetable samples [71] and naphthalene sulfonates in river water [209]. 

---