Chloroacetanilide herbicide

Friedman CL, AT Lemley, A Hay (2006) Degradation of chloroacetanilide herbicides by anodic Fenton treatment. J Agric Eood Chem 54 2640-2651. 

Analytical methods for parent chloroacetanilide herbicides in soil typically involve extraction of the soil with solvent, followed by solid-phase extraction (SPE), and analysis by gas chromatography/electron capture detection (GC/ECD) or gas chromatog-raphy/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Analytical methods for parent chloroacetanilides in water are similarly based on extraction followed by GC with various detection techniques. Many of the water methods, such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) official methods, are multi-residue methods that include other compound classes in addition to chloroacetanilides. While liquid-liquid partitioning was used initially to extract acetanilides from water samples, SPE using... 

Figure 1 Base hydrolysis products of chloroacetanilide herbicides...

Gullner, G., Komives, T., and Rennenberg, H., 2001, Enhanced tolerance of transgenic poplar plants overexpressing y-glutamylcysteine synthetase towards chloroacetanilide herbicides, / Exp. Bot. 52 971-979. 

Breaux. E.I.. Patanella. I.E.. and Sanders. E.F. Chloroacetanilide herbicide selectivity analysis of glntathione and homoglutathione in tolerant, snsceptible and safened seedlings. J. Agric. Food Chem., 35(4) 474-478.1987. 

O Connell, K.M., Breaux, E.J., and Fraley, R.T. Different rates of metabolism of two chloroacetanilide herbicides in Pioneer... 

Osano, 0., Admiraal, W., and Otieno, D. Developmental disorders in embryos of the frog Xenopus laevis induced by chloroacetanilide herbicides and their degradation products. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 21(2) 375-379, 2002. 

This study will provide fundamental information on the effect of stereoisomerism on the environmental fate of a widely used chloroacetanilide herbicide, metolachlor. Metolachlor is classified as a potential carcinogen and is the second most extensively used herbicide in the United States (7). Biological dechlorination of metolachlor leads to the formation of more polar metabolites (8), metolachlor oxanilic acid (OXA), and metolachlor ethanesulfonic acid (ESA) (Figure 3). Metolachlor OXA and metolachlor ESA are found at higher concentrations and are more frequently detected in surface and ground water than their parent compound (9). 

Eykholt, G.R. and D.T. Davenport. 1998. Dechlorination of the chloroacetanilide herbicides alachlor and metolachlor by iron metal. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 1482-1487. 

Pomes, M.L., E.M. Thurman, and D.A. Goolsby (1996). An evaluation of a microtiter-plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method for the analysis of triazine and chloroacetanilide herbicides in storm run-off samples. In J.M. Van Emon, C.L. Gerlach and J.C. Johnson, eds., Environmental Immunochemical Methods Perspectives and Applications. ACS Symposium Series 646. Washington, DC American Chemical Society, pp. 170-182. 

Vryzas A. and E. Papadopoulou-Mourkidou (2002). Determination of triazine and chloroacetanilide herbicides in soils by Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) coupled to gas chromatographic analysis with either GC-NPD or GC-MS. J. Agri. Food Chem., 50 5026-5033. 

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