Trade sources

Chemical Pricing Patterns, 3rd ed., SchneU, New York, 1971 (plus trade sources). 

Shahbazov, J., Usupov, I. 1994. Non-trading sources of energy for hydrogen. Int J Hydrogen... 

The general approach to retrospective validation is the same as for prospective validation (see Chapter 6 to Chapter 11). However, it may not be possible to condnct some prospective activities such as Supplier Audits if the supplier is no longer trading. Source Code Reviews if there is no access to source code and relevant design documentation, and Development Testing if detailed design information is not available. Historical records demonstrating reliable operation may be available to aid validation. 

Trade sources. If you already have some general knowledge about a company but want information about a specific job— direct mail coordinator, say—within a specific division of the company—new product development, for example—you will have to dig a little deeper. Once again, go to the library for trade publications or access the Internet for more detailed information. Read trade sources for industry news, such as who has been recently promoted. Your knowledge will make you sound like you re already an insider. 

There was a variety of sources of information available to BR staff. There was information from the company, from the unions, and from HSE. There were also professional and trade sources and the general media. Moreover this information could take a number of forms, notably written, verbal, and visual. In addition there was health and safety training. Respondents were asked about their sources of information in three broad areas, namely general health and safety issues and the specific risks associated with their industry information about the law and legal changes and information about railway accidents. 

Seminars, workshops, and short courses sponsored by professional societies and trade associations provide the needed training in materials standards and specifications. Familiarisation with sources of information in the field, how to prepare specifications and standards, how to tailor requirements for cost effectiveness, and the cross-referencing and correlation of specifications and standards are covered. 

The nameplate capacity of worldwide methanol plants is given by country in Table 2 (27). A significant portion of this capacity is based on natural gas feedstock. Percent utilization is expected to remain in the low 90s through the mid-1990s. A principal portion of this added capacity is expected to continue to come from offshore sources where natural gas, often associated with cmde oil production, is valued inexpensively. This has resulted in the emergence of a substantial international trade in methanol. In these cases, the cost of transportation is a relatively larger portion of the total cost of production than it is for domestic plants. 

A conservative estimate of the total value of the products from the mineral industry is ca 3.9 trillion ia terms of 1992 dollars (4). This estimate does not include the value of products derived from secondary sources such as recycling (qv) or reclamation. Secondary recovery is significant for certain commodities. For example, in 1992 ca 30% of the world steel (qv) production, 46% of the world refined lead output, 15% of the world refined copper (qv) production, and ca 30% of the aluminum (see Aluminumand ALUMINUM alloys) output from the Western world were clearly identified as being derived from scrap. The value of the world mineral commodity export trade in 1992 was ca 616,698 million ia 1992 dollars. This accounted for ca 18% of all commodities exported (4). 

Commercially important nuts ia world trade iaclude almond, Bra2il nut, cashew, chestnut, coconut (copra), filbert, macadamia, palm nut, peanut, pecan, pignoHa, pistachio, and Knglish walnut. Coconut, palm nut, peanut, as well as babassu, oiticia, and tung, are important sources of oil for soap, paint, varnish, as well as many other domestic and iadustrial uses. 

Bayer marketed PPS compounds in the United States under the trade name Tedur, but the company has exited the PPS business. PPS is also marketed in the United States by GE Plastics, whose source of neat resin is Tosoh Corporation of Japan. GE Plastics markets PPS under the trade name Supec PPS. Patent activity by Tennessee Eastman describes an alternative process for the production of poly(phenylene sulfide/disulfide), although samples of such product have not appeared as of early 1996. Both Phillips and Hoechst Celanese have aimounced plans to debotdeneck their existing U.S. faciUties in order to meet anticipated market growth. 

The production of steel is of great importance in most countries because modem civilization depends heavily on steel, the raw material for many industries. As a result, most countries have an active steel industry, which at one time was heavily subsidized but as of this writing is increasingly privatized. The world trade in steel was frequently a source of hard currency where the United States was the main contributor. Trade is much more at market prices that reflect the real cost of production. Under these conditions, the United States in its own market is very often the low cost producer following massive cost reduction in the 1980s. The United States can export a few million tons per year at a profit. 

United States benzene trade data are shown in Table 7. From 1961 to 1970, the United States was a net exporter of benzene. After 1971, following a rapid growth of foreign benzene production, the amount of inexpensive benzene available from overseas sources brought the trade balance back to net imports. The trade balance was expected to fluctuate and a net import balance of 3.3ndash4.3 x 10 t (100—130 million gallons) was anticipated for 1990 (64). 

Urea and ammonium sulfate [7783-20-2] are coated by Chisso Co. under the trade names LP Cote and Meister. AH U.S. consumption of these products is sourced from Japan. Chisso-Asahi products are marketed through very specific distribution channels (Table 5). Coated N—P—K products are marketed primarily to commercial nurseries and greenhouses. Coated urea products are marketed in blends to commercial nurseries, as weU as to professional turf and strawberry growers. 

Accounts payable, also called trade credit, are the major source of short-term financing. Accounts payable normally amount to about 40 percent of the current liabihties of a manufacturing company. Such short-term financing is relatively expensive when available discounts are lost. 

The new law allows utilities to trade allowances within their systems and/or buy or sell allowances to and from other affected sources. Each source must have sufficient allowances to cover its annual emissions. If not, the source is subject to a 2,000/ ton excess emissions fee and a requirement to offset the excess emissions in the following year. 

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